1 Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, et al. Safeguarding human health
in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller
Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet 2015;
386: 1973–2028.
2 Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockstr.m J, et al. Sustainability.
Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing
planet. Science 2015; 347: 1259855.
3 International Food Policy Research Institute. 2017 Global food
policy report. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research
Institute, 2017.
4 Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition. Food
systems and diets: facing the challenges of the 21st century.
London: Global Panel, 2016.
5 Tilman D, Clark M. Global diets link environmental sustainability
and human health. Nature 2014; 515: 518–22.
6 Springmann M, Godfray HC, Rayner M, Scarborough P.
Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits
of dietary change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016; 113: 4146–51.
7 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, International Fund
for Agricultural Development, UNICEF, World Food Programme,
WHO. The state of food security and nutrition in the world. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2018.
8 UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. Levels and trends in child
malnutrition: joint child malnutrition estimates. Washington, DC:
World Health Organization, 2018.
9 WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Guidelines
on food fortification with micronutrients. Geneva: WHO, 2009.
10 WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: overweight and
obesity. 2018. http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/
overweight_text/en/ (accessed Jan 4, 2018).
11 WHO. Global report on diabetes. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 2016.
12 Zhou B, Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes
since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with
4.4 million participants. Lancet 2016; 387: 1513–30.
13 Foley JA, Defries R, Asner GP, et al. Global consequences of land
use. Science 2005; 309: 570–74.
14 Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JSI. Climate change and food
systems. Annu Rev Environ Resour 2012; 37: 195–222.
15 Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture.
Water for food, water for life: a comprehensive assessment of water
management in agriculture. London: Earthscan and Colombo:
International Water Management Institute, 2007.
16 Tilman D, Clark M, Williams DR, Kimmel K, Polasky S, Packer C.
Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention.
Nature 2017; 546: 73–81.
17 Diaz RJ, Rosenberg R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for
marine ecosystems. Science 2008; 321: 926–29.
18 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. The state of world
fisheries and aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and
nutrition for all. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the
UN, 2016.
19 Klinger D, Naylor R. Searching for solutions in aquaculture: charting
a sustainable course. Annu Rev Environ Resour 2012; 37: 247–76.
20 Garnett T. Plating up solutions. Science 2016; 353: 1202–04.
21 Koplitz SN, Mickley LJ, Marlier ME, et al. Public health impacts of
the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September–October 2015:
demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management
strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure. Environ Res Lett
2016; 11: 094023.
22 Springmann M, Mason-D’Croz D, Robinson S, et al. Global and
regional health effects of future food production under climate
change: a modelling study. Lancet 2016; 387: 1937–46.
23 Myers SS, Zanobetti A, Kloog I, et al. Increasing CO2 threatens
human nutrition. Nature 2014; 510: 139–42.
24 Watts N, Amann M, Ayeb-Karlsson S, et al. The Lancet Countdown
on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global
transformation for public health. Lancet 2018; 391: 581–630.
25 Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, et al. The Lancet Commission
on pollution and health. Lancet 2018; 391: 462–512.
26 Gussow JD, Clancy KL. Dietary guidelines for sustainability.
J Nutr Educ 1986; 18: 1–5.
27 UN. Sustainable Development Goals. https://sustainable
development.un.org/?menu=1300 (accessed Sept 13, 2017).
28 Rockstr.m J, Gaffney O, Rogelj J, Meinshausen M, Nakicenovic N,
Schellnhuber HJ. A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science
2017; 355: 1269–71.
29 Rockstr.m J, Steffen W, Noone K, et al. Planetary boundaries:
exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol Soc 2009;
14: 32.
30 Hi. C, Pradhan P, Rybski D, Kropp JP. Food surplus and its climate
burdens. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50: 4269–77.
31 UN-HLTF, Food, and Nutrition Security: Comprehensive
Framework for Action. Summary of the Updated Comprehensive
Framework for Action (UCFA), United Nations System High Level
Task Force on Global Food Security (HLTF). Rome/Geneva/New
York, 2010.
32 Clark M, Tilman D. Comparative analysis of environmental impacts
of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and
food choice. Environ Res Lett 2017; 12: 064016.
33 US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and
Human Services. Scientific report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines
Advisory Committee. Washington, DC: US Government Printing
Offices, 2015.
34 International Food Policy Research Institute. Food systems and
diets: facing the challenges of the 21st century. Washington, DC:
International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016.
35 Freedman LS, Commins JM, Moler JE, et al. Pooled results from
5 validation studies of dietary self-report instruments using recovery
biomarkers for energy and protein intake. Am J Epidemiol 2014;
180: 172–88.
36 Tomasetti C, Li L, Vogelstein B. Stem cell divisions, somatic
mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention. Science 2017;
355: 1330–34.
37 Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al. Effects of protein,
monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure
and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial.
JAMA 2005; 294: 2455–64.
38 Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabat. J, et al. Vegetarian dietary patterns and
mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med 2013;
173: 1230–38.
39 Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Rimm EB, et al. Plant-based dietary
patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women:
results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med 2016;
13: e1002039.
40 Satija A, Bhupathiraju SN, Spiegelman D, et al. Healthful and
unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease
in US adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 411–22.
41 Abete I, Romaguera D, Vieira AR, Lopez de Munain A, Norat T.
Association between total, processed, red and white meat
consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality:
a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112: 762–75.
42 Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Red and processed meat
consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective
cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 91–95.
43 Feskens EJ, Sluik D, van Woudenbergh GJ. Meat consumption,
diabetes, and its complications. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13: 298–306.
44 Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and
mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med
2012; 172: 555–63.
45 Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A.
Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million
people. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 562–71.
46 Etemadi A, Sinha R, Ward MH, et al. Mortality from different
causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the
NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study.
BMJ 2017; 357: j1957.
47 Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and risk
of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated
meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 1088–96.
48 Kromhout D, Keys A, Aravanis C, et al. Food consumption patterns
in the 1960s in seven countries. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 889–94.
49 Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC.
Adolescent meat intake and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2015;
136: 1909–20.
50 Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Dietary
protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence:
prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 348: g3437.
51 Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB, et al. Association of animal and plant
protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1453–63.
52 Lee JE, McLerran DF, Rolland B, et al. Meat intake and
cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of Asian prospective
cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 1032–41.
53 Talaei M, Wang Y-L, Yuan J-M, Pan A, Koh W-P. Meat, dietary heme
iron, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Singapore Chinese
Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186: 824–33.
54 Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and
vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2010.
55 WHO. The world health report 2003: shaping the future. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2003.
56 WHO. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases.
Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World
Health Organization, 2003.
57 Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Baron JA, et al. Calcium
intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of
prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials.
Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 1780–90.
58 Feskanich D, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Frazier AL, Willett WC.
Milk consumption during teenage years and risk of hip fractures in
older adults. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 54–60.
59 Guo J, Astrup A, Lovegrove JA, Gijsbers L, Givens DI,
Soedamah-Muthu SS. Milk and dairy consumption and risk of
cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response
meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2017;
32: 269–87.
60 World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer
Research. Second Expert Report: food, nutrition, physical activity,
and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. UK:
WCRF/AICR, 2007.
61 Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, et al. Dairy
products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review
and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;
101: 87–117.
62 Giovannucci E. Nutritional and environmental epidemiology of
prostate cancer. In: Kantoff PW, Carroll PR, D’Amico AV, eds.
Prostate Cancer: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002: 117–39.
63 Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, et al. Dairy consumption and risk
of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated
meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 215.
64 Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in
diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men.
N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2392–404.
65 Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human
health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006;
296: 1885–99.
66 Zheng J, Huang T, Yu Y, Hu X, Yang B, Li D. Fish consumption and
CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort
studies. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15: 725–37.
67 Oken E, Radesky JS, Wright RO, et al. Maternal fish intake during
pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and child cognition at age 3 years
in a US cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167: 1171–81.
68 Del Gobbo LC, Imamura F, Aslibekyan S, et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acid biomarkers and coronary heart disease: pooling project of
19 cohort studies. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1155–66.
69 Rong Y, Chen L, Zhu T, et al. Egg consumption and risk of coronary
heart disease and stroke: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective
cohort studies. BMJ 2013; 346: e8539.
70 Iannotti LL, Lutter CK, Stewart CP, et al. Eggs in early complementary
feeding and child growth: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics
2017; 140: e20163459.
71 Kris-Etherton PM, Hu FB, Ros E, Sabat. J. The role of tree nuts and
peanuts in the prevention of coronary heart disease: multiple
potential mechanisms. J Nutr 2008; 138: 1746S–51S.
72 Sabat. J, Oda K, Ros E. Nut consumption and blood lipid levels:
a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Arch Intern Med 2010;
170: 821–27.
73 Grosso G, Estruch R. Nut consumption and age-related disease.
Maturitas 2016; 84: 11–16.
74 Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of
nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease,
stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 278–88.
75 Mayhew AJ, de Souza RJ, Meyre D, Anand SS, Mente A.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of nut consumption and
incident risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. Br J Nutr 2016;
115: 212–25.
76 Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. Association of nut consumption with
total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 2001–11.
77 Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, et al. Nut consumption and risk
of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific
mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of
prospective studies. BMC Med 2016; 14: 207.
78 Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvad. J, et al. Primary prevention of
cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med
2013; 368: 1279–90.
79 Kushi LH, Meyer KA, Jacobs DR Jr. Cereals, legumes, and chronic
disease risk reduction: evidence from epidemiologic studies.
Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70 (suppl 3): 451S–58S.
80 Bernstein AM, Sun Q, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE,
Willett WC. Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart
disease in women. Circulation 2010; 122: 876–83.
81 Lee SA, Shu XO, Li H, et al. Adolescent and adult soy food intake
and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women’s Health
Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1920–26.
82 Aaronson S. A role for algae as human food in antiquity.
Food Foodways 1986; 1: 311–15.
83 Arshad M, Javed M, Sohaib M, Saeed F, Imran A, Amjad Z.
Tissue engineering approaches to develop cultured meat from cells:
a mini review. Cogent Food Agri 2017; 3: 1320814.
84 Zong G, Gao A, Hu FB, Sun Q. Whole grain intake and mortality
from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer:
a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation 2016;
133: 2370–80.
85 Hu FB. Are refined carbohydrates worse than saturated fat?
Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1541–42.
86 Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, et al. Associations of fats and
carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in
18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort
study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2050–62.
87 Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids
and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb
1992; 12: 911–19.
88 Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of dietary
glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart
disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1455–61.
89 Willett W, Stampfer M, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Holmes M, Rimm E.
Assessment of questionnaire validity for measuring total fat intake
using plasma lipid levels as criteria. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 1107–12.
90 Muraki I, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Sun Q.
Potato consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from
three prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 2016; 39: 376–84.
91 Borgi L, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Forman JP. Potato intake and
incidence of hypertension: results from three prospective US cohort
studies. BMJ 2016; 353: i2351.
92 Bertoia ML, Mukamal KJ, Cahill LE, et al. Changes in intake of
fruits and vegetables and weight change in united states men and
women followed for up to 24 years: analysis from three prospective
cohort studies. PLoS Med 2015; 12: e1001878.
93 Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption
and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer:
systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective
cohort studies. BMJ 2014; 349: g4490.
94 Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake
and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause
mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of
prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46: 1029–56.
95 Binia A, Jaeger J, Hu Y, Singh A, Zimmermann D. Daily potassium
intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood
pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Hypertens 2015; 33: 1509–20.
96 Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, et al. Fruit consumption and risk
of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal
cohort studies. BMJ 2013; 347: f5001.
97 Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and
risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1577–84.
98 Boffetta P, Couto E, Wichmann J, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and
overall cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into
Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 529–37.
99 Wang DD, Li Y, Chiuve SE, et al. Association of specific dietary fats
with total and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med 2016;
176: 1134–45.
100 Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern
and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women’s Health Initiative
Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;
295: 629–42.
101 Farvid MS, Ding M, Pan A, et al. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of
coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of
prospective cohort studies. Circulation 2014; 130: 1568–78.
102 Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of
dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014;
160: 398–406.
103 Sacks F. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. J Cardiovasc Risk
1994; 1: 3–8.
104 Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.
Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006;
354: 1601–13.
105 Sun Y, Neelakantan N, Wu Y, Lote-Oke R, Pan A, van Dam RM.
Palm oil consumption increases LDL cholesterol compared with
vegetable oils low in saturated fat in a meta-analysis of clinical
trials. J Nutr 2015; 145: 1549–58.
106 Kabagambe EK, Baylin A, Ascherio A, Campos H. The type of oil
used for cooking is associated with the risk of nonfatal acute
myocardial infarction in Costa Rica. J Nutr 2005; 135: 2674–79.
107 de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean
alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary
heart disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 1454–59.
108 Puska P, Stahl T. Health in all policies-the Finnish initiative:
background, principles, and current issues. Annu Rev Public Health
2010; 31: 315–28.
109 Chen M, Li Y, Sun Q, et al. Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular
disease in 3 cohorts of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104: 1209–17.
110 Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity!
Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1157–73.
111 Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Bunn D, Brown T, Summerbell CD,
Skeaff CM. Effects of total fat intake on body weight.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 8: CD011834.
112 Knopp RH, Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, et al. Long-term
cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in
hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic men.
The Dietary Alternatives Study. JAMA 1997; 278: 1509–15.
113 Tobias DK, Chen M, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Willett W, Hu FB.
Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions
on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 968–79.
114 Chiavaroli L, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al. Effect of fructose on
established lipid targets: a systematic review and meta-analysis of
controlled feeding trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4: e001700.
115 Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, et al. Glycemic index,
glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—a meta-analysis of
observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 627–37.
116 Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight:
systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials
and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 346: e7492.
117 Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despr.s JP, Willett WC, Hu FB.
Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and
type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2477–83.
118 Yang Q, Zhang Z, Gregg EW, Flanders WD, Merritt R, Hu FB.
Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among
US adults. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 516–24.
119 WHO, Horta BL, Victora CG. Long-term effects of breastfeeding:
a systematic review. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.
120 UNICEF. Infant and young child feeding: a systematic review.
New York: UNICEF, 2012.
121 WHO. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding
practices. Washington, DC: World Health Organization, 2008.
122 WHO. Guideline: daily iron supplementation. Geneva: World
Health Organization, 2016.
123 Maslova E, Rytter D, Bech BH, et al. Maternal protein intake during
pregnancy and offspring overweight 20 y later. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;
100: 1139–48.
124 Brants.ter AL, Olafsdottir AS, Forsum E, Olsen SF, Thorsdottir I.
Does milk and dairy consumption during pregnancy influence fetal
growth and infant birthweight? A systematic literature review.
Food Nutr Res 2012; 56: DOI:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.20050.
125 Piccoli GB, Clari R, Vigotti FN, et al. Vegan-vegetarian diets in
pregnancy: danger or panacea? A systematic narrative review.
BJOG 2015; 122: 623–33.
126 WHO. WHO recommendations for antenatal care for a positive
pregnancy experience. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016.
127 Henr.quez S.nchez P, Ruano C, de Irala J, Ruiz-Canela M,
Mart.nez-Gonz.lez MA, S.nchez-Villegas A. Adherence to the
Mediterranean diet and quality of life in the SUN Project.
Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 360–68.
128 Bhushan A, Fondell E, Ascherio A, Yuan C, Grodstein F, Willett W.
Adherence to Mediterranean diet and subjective cognitive function
in men. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 33: 223–34.
129 Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA,
Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of
Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11: 1007–14.
130 Gakidou E, Afshin A, Abajobir AA, et al. Global, regional,
and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural,
environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of
risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1345–422.
131 Springmann M, Wiebe K, Mason-D’Croz D, et al. Health and
nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their
association with environmental impacts: a global modelling
analysis with country-level detail. Lancet Planet Health 2018;
2: e451–61.
132 GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national
comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and
occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for
195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for
the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1923–94.
133 Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rimm EB, et al. Alternative dietary indices
both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. J Nutr 2012;
142: 1009–18.
134 Wang DD, Li Y, Chiuve SE, Hu FB, Willett WC. Improvements in
US diet helped reduce disease burden and lower premature deaths,
1999–2012; overall diet remains poor. Health Aff 2015; 34: 1916–22.
135 Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Diet quality as assessed by the
Healthy Eating Index, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index,
the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, and health
outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115: 780–800.e5.
136 Onvani S, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Larijani B, Azadbakht L.
Adherence to the Healthy Eating Index and Alternative Healthy
Eating Index dietary patterns and mortality from all causes,
cardiovascular disease and cancer: a meta-analysis of observational
studies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 30: 216–26.
137 DeClerck F, Jones S, Attwood S, et al. Agricultural ecosystems and
their services: the vanguard of sustainability?
Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2016; 23: 92–99.
138 Garbach K, Milder JC, De Clerck F, Driscoll L, Montenegro M,
Herren B. Close yield and nature gaps: Multi-functionality in five
systems of agroecological intensification. Int J Agric Sustain 2016;
15: 11–28.
139 Garnett T, Appleby MC, Balmford A, et al. Agriculture. Sustainable
intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science 2013;
341: 33–34.
140 Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL. Global food demand and the
sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2011; 108: 20260–64.
141 Rockstr.m J, Williams J, Daily G, et al. Sustainable intensification
of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability.
Ambio 2017; 46: 4–17.
142 Steffen W, Crutzen J, McNeill JR. The Anthropocene: are humans
now overwhelming the great forces of Nature? Ambio 2007;
36: 614–21.
143 Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, et al. Solutions for a
cultivated planet. Nature 2011; 478: 337–42.
144 Erb K-H, Lauk C, Kastner T, Mayer A, Theurl MC, Haberl H.
Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world
without deforestation. Nat Commun 2016; 7: 11382.
145 Caron P, de Loma-Osorio GF, Nabarro D, et al. Food systems for
sustainable development: proposals for a profound four-part
transformation. Agron Sustain Dev 2018; 38: 41.
146 Rockstr.m J, Steffen W, Noone K, et al. A safe operating space for
humanity. Nature 2009; 461: 472–75.
147 Bahn M, Reichstein M, Dukes JS, Smith MD, McDowell NG.
Climate-biosphere interactions in a more extreme world.
New Phytol 2014; 202: 356–59.
148 Galaz V, Biermann F, Folke C, Nilsson M, Olsson P.
Global environmental governance and planetary boundaries:
an introduction. Ecol Econ 2012; 81: 1–3.
149 Brondizio ES, O’Brien K, Bai X, et al. Re-conceptualizing the
Anthropocene: a call for collaboration. Glob Environ Change 2016;
39: 318–27.
150 Newbold T, Hudson LN, Arnell AP, et al. Has land use pushed
terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global
assessment. Science 2016; 353: 288–91.
151 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2014:
synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to
the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, 2014.
152 Obersteiner M, Bednar J, Wagner F, et al. How to spend a
dwindling greenhouse gas budget. Nat Clim Chang 2018; 8: 7.
153 Smith P, Clark H, Dong H, et al. Agriculture, forestry and other
land use (AFOLU). In: Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate
change. IPCC Working Group III Contribution to AR5. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2014.
154 Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ingram JSI. Climate Change and
Food Systems. In: Gadgil A, Liverman DM, eds. Ann Rev Environ
Res 2012; 37: 195–22.
155 Bennetzen EH, Smith P, Porter JR. Decoupling of greenhouse gas
emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050.
Glob Change Biol 2016; 22: 763–81.
156 Wollenberg E, Richards M, Smith P, et al. Reducing emissions from
agriculture to meet the 2ÅãC target. Glob Change Biol 2016;
22: 3859–64.
157 van Vuuren DP, Edmonds J, Kainuma M, et al. The
representative concentration pathways: an overview. Clim Change
2011; 109: 5.
158 van Vuuren DP, Stehfest E, den Elzen MG, et al. RCP2. 6: exploring
the possibility to keep global mean temperature increase below 2 C.
Clim Change 2011; 109: 95.
159 HLPE. Water for food security and nutrition. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2015.
160 Wada Y, Van Beek L, Bierkens MF. Modelling global water stress of
the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water
demand and climate variability. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 2011;
15: 3785–805.
161 Falkenmark M, Rockstr.m J. The new blue and green water
paradigm: Breaking new ground for water resources planning and
management. American Society of Civil Engineers; 2006.
162 Keys PW, Van der Ent R, Gordon LJ, Hoff H, Nikoli R,
Savenije H. Analyzing precipitationsheds to understand the
vulnerability of rainfall dependent regions. Biogeosciences 2012;
9: 733–46.
163 Declaration B. The Brisbane Declaration: environmental flows are
essential for freshwater ecosystem health and human well-being.
10th International River Symposium, Brisbane, Australia; 2007;
2007. p. 3–6.
164 Shiklomanov I, Rodda J. World Water Resources at the Beginning
of the 21st Cen. 2003.
165 Pastor A, Ludwig F, Biemans H, Hoff H, Kabat P. Accounting for
environmental flow requirements in global water assessments.
Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 2014; 18: 5041–59.
166 Jaramillo F, Destouni G. Local flow regulation and irrigation raise
global human water consumption and footprint. Science 2015;
350: 1248–51.
167 Molden D. Planetary boundaries: The devil is in the detail.
Nat Rep Clim Change 2009: 116–17.
168 Gerten D, Hoff H, Rockstr.m J, J.germeyr J, Kummu M, Pastor AV.
Towards a revised planetary boundary for consumptive freshwater
use: role of environmental flow requirements.
Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2013; 5: 551–58.
169 Rosegrant MW, Ringler C, Zhu T. Water for agriculture:
maintaining food security under growing scarcity.
Annu Rev Environ Resour 2009; 34: 205–22.
170 Gleick PH, Palaniappan M. Peak water limits to freshwater
withdrawal and use. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 11155–62.
171 Sutton MA, Bleeker A, Howard CM, et al. Our nutrient world:
the challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution.
Global Overview of Nutrient Management. Nairobi: Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh & United Nations Environment
Programme; 2013.
172 Strokal M, Kroeze C, Wang M, Bai Z, Ma L. The MARINA model
(Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs): Model
description and results for China. Sci Total Environ 2016;
562: 869–88.
173 Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J, et al. Global assessment of
nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis.
Ecol Appl 2010; 20: 30–59.
174 Bleeker A, Hicks WK, Dentener F, Galloway J, Erisman JW.
N deposition as a threat to the World’s protected areas under the
Convention on Biological Diversity. Environ Pollut 2011;
159: 2280–88.
175 Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, et al. Significant acidification in major
Chinese croplands. Science 2010; 327: 1008–10.
176 Syakila A, Kroeze C. The global nitrous oxide budget revisited.
Greenhouse Gas Measurement & Management 2011; 1: 17–26.
177 UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme. Global
Environmental Outlook 4. (GEO-4) United Nations Environment
Program. Nairobi, Kenya; 2007.
178 Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A.
The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature
mortality on a global scale. Nature 2015; 525: 367–71.
179 Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Seitzinger S, et al. Consequences of
human modification of the global nitrogen cycle.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368: 20130116.
180 Van Dingenen R, Dentener FJ, Raes F, Krol MC, Emberson L,
Cofala J. The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields
under current and future air quality legislation. Atmos Environ 2009;
43: 604–18.
181 Cordell D, Drangert J-O, White S. The story of phosphorus:
global food security and food for thought. Glob Environ Change
2009; 19: 292–305.
182 Nordhaus T, Shellenberger M, Blomqvist L. The planetary
boundaries hypothesis a review of the evidence. Oakland, Ca.:
Breakthrough Institute; 2012.
183 De Vries W, Kros J, Kroeze C, Seitzinger SP. Assessing planetary
and regional nitrogen boundaries related to food security and
adverse environmental impacts. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2013;
5: 392–402.
184 Mueller ND, Gerber JS, Johnston M, Ray DK, Ramankutty N,
Foley JA. Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water
management. Nature 2012; 490: 254–57.
185 Vitousek PM, Naylor R, Crews T, et al. Agriculture. Nutrient
imbalances in agricultural development. Science 2009; 324: 1519–20.
186 Carpenter SR, Bennett EM. Reconsideration of the planetary
boundary for phosphorus. Environ Res Lett 2011; 6: 014009.
187 Springmann M, Clark M, Mason-D’Croz D, et al.
Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits.
Nature 2018; 562: 519–25.
188 Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, et al. Biodiversity loss and its
impact on humanity. Nature 2012; 486: 59–67.
189 Naeem S, Duffy JE, Zavaleta E. The functions of biological diversity
in an age of extinction. Science 2012; 336: 1401–06.
190 Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, et al. Global biodiversity scenarios
for the year 2100. Science 2000; 287: 1770–74.
191 Hooper DU, Adair EC, Cardinale BJ, et al. A global synthesis reveals
biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change.
Nature 2012; 486: 105–08.
192 Silvertown J. Dinner with Darwin: food, drink, nd evolution.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2017.
193 Barnosky AD, Hadly EA, Bascompte J, et al. Approaching a state
shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 2012; 486: 52–58.
194 Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R. Biological annihilation via the
ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population
losses and declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017; 114: E6089–96.
195 Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, et al. The biodiversity of species and
their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 2014;
344: 1246752.
196 Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, et al. Global biodiversity:
indicators of recent declines. Science 2010; 328: 1164–68.
197 Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B, et al. Forecasting agriculturally
driven global environmental change. Science 2001; 292: 281–84.
198 Barnosky AD, Matzke N, Tomiya S, et al. Has the Earth’s sixth mass
extinction already arrived? Nature 2011; 471: 51–57.
199 Ehrlich P, Walker B. Rivets and redundancy. Bioscience 1998; 48: 387.
200 Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E, et al. More than 75 percent
decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected
areas. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0185809.
201 Thompson K. De we need pandas? The uncomfortable truth about
biodiversity. London: Little Green; 2010.
202 Chaudhary A, Kastner T. Land use biodiversity impacts embodied in
international food trade. Glob Environ Change 2016; 38: 195–204.
203 Chaudhary A, Pfister S, Hellweg S. Spatially explicit analysis of
biodiversity loss due to global agriculture, pasture and forest land
use from a producer and consumer perspective. Environ Sci Technol
2016; 50: 3928–36.
204 Harris NL, Brown S, Hagen SC, et al. Baseline map of carbon
emissions from deforestation in tropical regions. Science 2012;
336: 1573–76.
205 Dinerstein E, Olson D, Joshi A, et al. An ecoregion-based approach
to protecting half the terrestrial realm. Bioscience 2017; 67: 534–45.
206 Eken G, Bennun L, Brooks TM, et al. Key biodiversity areas as site
conservation targets. BioScience 2004; 54: 1110–18.
207 Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB,
Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature
2000; 403: 853–58.
208 Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW, et al. Natural climate solutions.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2017; 114: 11645–50.
209 Wilson EO. Half Earth: our planet’s fight for life. New York:
Liveright Publishing Corporation; 2016.
210 Tscharntke T, Klein AM, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C.
Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and
biodiversity—ecosystem service management. Ecol Lett 2005;
8: 857–74.
211 Robinson S, Mason-D’Croz D, Sulser T, et al. The international
model for policy analysis of agricultural commodities and trade
(IMPACT): model description for version 3. 2015.
212 Interagency Working Group. Technical update on the social cost of
carbon for regulatory impact analysis-under executive order 12866:
United States Government, 2013.
213 Beach RH, Creason J, Ohrel SB, et al. Global mitigation potential
and costs of reducing agricultural non-CO2 greenhouse gas
emissions through 2030. J Integr Environ Sci 2015;
12 (suppl 1): 87–105.
214 Sutton MA, Bleeker A, Howard C, et al. Our nutrient world: the
challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution.
Edinburgh: NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 2013.
215 Cordell D, White S. Life’s bottleneck: sustaining the world’s
phosphorus for a food secure future. Annu Rev Environ Resour 2014;
39: 161–88.
216 Clune S, Crossin E, Verghese K. Systematic review of greenhouse
gas emissions for different fresh food categories. J Clean Prod 2017;
140: 766–83.
217 Davis KF, Gephart JA, Emery KA, Leach AM, Galloway JN,
D’Odorico P. Meeting future food demand with current agricultural
resources. Glob Environ Change 2016; 39: 125–32.
218 Nelson ME, Hamm MW, Hu FB, Abrams SA, Griffin TS.
Alignment of healthy dietary patterns and environmental
sustainability: a systematic review. Adv Nutr 2016; 7: 1005–25.
219 Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Smith P, Haines A.
The impacts of dietary change on greenhouse gas emissions, land
use, water use, and health: a systematic review. PLoS One 2016;
11: e0165797.
220 Hallstr.m E, Carlsson-Kanyama A, B.rjesson P. Environmental
impact of dietary change: a systematic review. J Clean Prod 2015;
91: 1–11.
221 Peters CJ, Picardy J, Darrouzet-Nardi AF, Wilkins JL, Griffin TS,
Fick GW. Carrying capacity of US agricultural land: ten diet
scenarios. Elem Sci Anth 2016; 4: 000116.
222 Smith P, Bustamante M, Ahammad H, et al. Agriculture, forestry
and other land use (AFOLU). In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R,
Sokona Y, et al, eds. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate
change contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, UK, and NY, USA: Cambridge University Press;
2014: 811–922.
223 Carlson KM, Gerber JS, Mueller ND, et al. Greenhouse gas
emissions intensity of global croplands. Nat Clim Chang 2017; 7: 63.
224 Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Rossi S, Ferrara A, Fitton N, Smith P.
The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from
agriculture. Environ Res Lett 2013; 8: 015009.
225 Heffer P. Assessment of fertilizer use by crop at the global level
2010–2010/11. 2013. International Fertilizer Industry Association,
Paris.
226 Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050:
the 2012 revision. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the
UN, 2012.
227 Herrero M, Henderson B, Havl.k P, et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation
potentials in the livestock sector. Nat Clim Chang 2016; 6: 452.
228 Bajželj B, Richards KS, Allwood JM, et al. Importance of
food-demand management for climate mitigation. Nat Clim Chang
2014; 4: 924.
229 Ray DK, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA. Yield trends are
insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS One
2013; 8: e66428.
230 Evenson RE, Gollin D. Assessing the impact of the green
revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 2003; 300: 758–62.
231 Pingali PL. Green revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 12302–08.
232 J.germeyr J, Gerten D, Heinke J, Schaphoff S, Kummu M, Lucht W.
Water savings potentials of irrigation systems: global simulation of
processes and linkages. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 2015; 19: 3073–91.
233 Jalava M, Kummu M, Porkka M, Siebert S, Varis O. Diet change—
a solution to reduce water use? Environ Res Lett 2014; 9: 074016.
234 Lassaletta L, Billen G, Garnier J, et al. Nitrogen use in the global
food system: past trends and future trajectories of agronomic
performance, pollution, trade, and dietary demand. Environ Res Lett
2016; 11: 095007.
235 Bouwman L, Goldewijk KK, Van Der Hoek KW, et al.
Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in
agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900–2050
period. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 20882–87.
236 Bodirsky BL, Popp A, Lotze-Campen H, et al. Reactive nitrogen
requirements to feed the world in 2050 and potential to mitigate
nitrogen pollution. Nat Commun 2014; 5: 3858.
237 MacDonald GK, Bennett EM, Potter PA, Ramankutty N.
Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world’s croplands.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 3086–91.
238 Butchart SH, Clarke M, Smith RJ, et al. Shortfalls and solutions for
meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conserv Lett
2015; 8: 329–37.
239 Demeyer D, Honikel K, De Smet S. The World Cancer Research
Fund report 2007: a challenge for the meat processing industry.
Meat Sci 2008; 80: 953–59.
240 WHO. Human energy requirements: report of a Joint FAO/WHO/
UNU expert consultation, Rome, Italy, 17–24 October 2001. Geneva:
World Health Organization, 2004.
241 Bruinsma J. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030: an FAO study:
Routledge; 2017.
242 Alexander P, Brown C, Arneth A, et al. Could consumption of
insects, cultured meat or imitation meat reduce global agricultural
land use? Glob Food Secur 2017; 15: 22–32.
243 International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and
Technology for Development. Agriculture at a crossroads: global
report. Washington, DC: International Assessment of Agricultural
Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 2008.
244 UN Environment Programme. Nellemann C, MacDevette M, et al.
The environmental food crisis: the environment’s role in averting
future food crises. A UNEP rapid response assessment. Arendal:
UN Environment Programme/GRID-Arendal, 2009.
245 Paillard S, Treyer S, Dorin B, eds. Agrimonde: scenarios and
challenges for feeding the world in 2050. Paris: Editions Quae,
2010.
246 Foresight. The future of food and farming: challenges and choices
for global sustainability. London: Government Office for Science,
2011.
247 Fanzo JC, Cogill B, Mattei F. Metrics of sustainable diets and food
systems. Rome: Bioversity International, 2012.
248 UN Environment Programme. Avoiding future famines:
strengthening the ecological basis of food security through
sustainable food systems. Nairobi: UN Environment Programme,
2012.
249 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. The state of food and
agriculture: food systems for better nutrition. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization, 2013.
250 Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition.
How can agriculture and food system policies improve nutrition?
Technical brief. London, UK: Global Panel on Agriculture and Food
Systems for Nutrition, 2014.
251 International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems.
The new science of sustainable food systems: overcoming barriers
to food systems reform. Brussels: International Panel of Experts on
Sustainable Food Systems, 2015.
252 Townsend R. Ending poverty and hunger by 2030: an agenda for
the global food system. Washington, DC: World Bank Group,
2015.
253 High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition.
Nutrition and food systems. A report by the high level panel of
experts on food security and nutrition of the committee on world
food security. Rome: High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security
and Nutrition, 2017.
254 IFPRI. Food system transformations: Brazil, Rwanda, and Vietnam:
IFRI, Compact 2025 Initiative, 2016.
255 Garnett T, Wilkes A. Appetite for change: social, economic and
environmental transformations in China’s food system. Oxford:
Food Climate Research Network, 2014.
256 Puska P, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, et al. The community-based
strategy to prevent coronary heart disease: conclusions from the
ten years of the North Karelia project. Annu Rev Public Health 1985;
6: 147–93.
257 Popkin BM, Hawkes C. Sweetening of the global diet, particularly
beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4: 174–86.
258 Brandt K. The reconstruction of world agriculture. London: George
Allen & Unwin, 1945.
259 Schubert SD, Suarez MJ, Pegion PJ, Koster RD, Bacmeister JT.
On the cause of the 1930s Dust Bowl. Science 2004; 303: 1855–59.
260 Worster D. Dust bowl: the southern plains in the 1930s. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2004.
261 Conquest R. The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the
terror-famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
262 Dreze J, Sen A. Hunger and public action. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1989.
263 Fogel RW. The escape from hunger and premature death,
1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
264 Boyd Orr J. Food, health and income: report on adequacy of diet in
relation to income. London: Macmillan & Co, 1936.
265 Morgan K, Sonnino R. The school food revolution: public food and
the challenge of sustainable development. London: Earthscan; 2008.
266 WHO. Global Health Observatory data: HIV Aids. 2018.
http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/ (accessed Nov 22, 2018).
267 WHO. MPower strategy. 2014. http://www.who.int/tobacco/
mpower/en/ (accessed Nov 22, 2018).
268 WHO. WHO plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty
acids from global food supply. Geneva: World Health Organization,
2018.
269 Johnston PV, Johnson OC, Kummerow FA. Occurrence of trans
fatty acids in human tissue. Science 1957; 126: 698–99.
270 Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Intake of trans fatty
acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet
1993; 341: 581–85.
271 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2014
synthesis report—summary for policymakers. Geneva:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014.
272 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. World
energy outlook 2017. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 2017.
273 Pinay G, Gascuel C, M.nesguen A, et al. Eutrophication:
manifestations, causes, consequences and predictability. Joint
scientific appraisal. France: CNRS, Ifremer, INRA, Irstea, 2017.
274 Eurostat. Agri-environmental indicator—mineral fertiliser
consumption. Brussels: European Commission, 2017.
275 European Commission. Science for environment policy. Bristol:
European Commission DG Environment News Alert Service, 2014.
276 Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Public health: ethical issues.
Cambridge: Cambridge Publishers/Nuffield Council on Bioethics,
2007.
277 Mozaffarian D, Angell SY, Lang T, Rivera JA. Role of government
policy in nutrition—barriers to and opportunities for healthier
eating. BMJ 2018; 361: k2426.
278 Lang T, Mason P. Sustainable diets: a bundle of policy problems in
search of answers. In: Burlingame B, Dernini S, eds. Sustainable
diets: transdisciplinary imperative. Wallingford: Centre for
Agriculture and Biosciences International, 2018.
279 Stuckler D, Nestle M. Big food, food systems, and global health.
PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001242.
280 Lang T, Heasman M. Food wars: the global battle for mouths,
minds and markets. 2nd edn. Abingdon: Routledge Earthscan, 2015.
281 Sisnowski J, Street JM, Merlin T. Improving food environments and
tackling obesity: a realist systematic review of the policy success of
regulatory interventions targeting population nutrition. PLoS One
2017; 12: e0182581.
282 Rivera JA, Shamah T, Villalpando S, Monterrubio E. Effectiveness of
a large-scale iron-fortified milk distribution program on anaemia
and iron deficiency in low-income young children in Mexico.
Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 431–39.
283 Sturm R, Hattori A. Diet and obesity in Los Angeles County
2007–2012. Is there a measurable effect of the 2008 “Fast-Food
Ban”? Soc Sci Med 2015; 133: 205–11.
284 Shannon J. What does SNAP benefit usage tell us about food access
in low-income neighborhoods? Soc Sci Med 2014; 107: 89–99.
285 Shively G, Thapa G. Markets, transportation infrastructure, and
food prices in Nepal. Am J Agric Econ 2017; 99: 660–82.
286 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Integration of
nutrition in agriculture extension services in Africa. Rome:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017.
287 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, WHO. Second
International Conference on Nutrition: better nutrition, better lives.
Rome, Italy; Nov 19–21, 2014. http://www.fao.org/3/a-ml542e.pdf
(accessed Nov 22, 2018).
288 Economics of Ecosystems And Biodiveristy AgriFood. Scientific and
economic foundations report for the economics of ecosystems and
biodiveristy (TEEB) for agriculture and food. Geneva: UN
Environment Programme, 2018.
289 Niebylski ML, Redburn KA, Duhaney T, Campbell NR. Healthy food
subsidies and unhealthy food taxation: A systematic review of the
evidence. Nutrition 2015; 31: 787–95.
290 Springmann M, Mason-D’Croz D, Robinson S, et al. Mitigation
potential and global health impacts from emissions pricing of food
commodities. Nat Clim Chang 2017; 7: 69–74.
291 Thow AM, Jan S, Leeder S, Swinburn B. The effect of fiscal policy
on diet, obesity and chronic disease: a systematic review.
Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 609–14.
292 Alderman H. Leveraging social protection programs for improved
nutrition: summary of evidence prepared for the Global Forum on
Nutrition-Sensitive Social Protection Programs, 2015. Washington,
DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/
The World Bank, 2016.
293 Frelat R, Lopez-Ridaura S, Giller KE, et al. Drivers of household
food availability in sub-Saharan Africa based on big data from small
farms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016; 113: 458–63.
294 Torero M. Alternative mechanisms to reduce food price volatility
and price spikes: policy responses at the global level. In: Kalkuhl M,
Von Braun J, Torero M, eds. Food price volatility and its
implications for food security and policy. Cham: Springer, 2016.
295 WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs
2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.
296 UN General Assembly. High Level Meeting on Prevention and
Control of Non-communicable Diseases. New York, NY: UN
General Assembly, 2011.
297 WHO. Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and
non-alcoholic beverages to children. Geneva: World Health
Organization 2010.
298 WHO. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016.
299 Swinburn B, Sacks G, Vandevijvere S, et al. INFORMAS
(International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable
diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support): overview and
key principles. Obes Rev 2013; 14 (suppl 1): 1–12.
300 Garnett T, Mathewson S, Angelides P, Borthwick F. Policies and
actions to shift eating patterns: what works? London: Food Climate
Research Network, Chatham House, 2015.
301 Gonzalez-Fischer C, Garnett T. Plates, pyramids and planets.
Developments in national healthy and sustainable dietary
guidelines: a state of play assessment. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN and University of Oxford, 2016.
302 Mason P, Lang T. Sustainable diets: how ecological nutrition can
transform consumption and the food system. Abingdon: Routledge
Earthscan, 2017.
303 WWF. One planet plate—meals for a living planet. 2017.
plate-start (accessed March 12, 2018).
304 Ranganathan J, Vennard D, Waite R, et al. Shifting diets for a
sustainable future. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute,
2016.
305 Culinary Institute of America, Harvard School of Public Health.
Menus of change initiative. 2013. http://www.menusofchange.org/
(accessed Sept 15, 2019).
306 Chefs Manifesto. Food is life: the global goals. Stockholm: Chefs
Manifesto Network, 2017.
307 Relais et Chateau. UNESCO. Le Manifeste: un monde meilleur, par
la table et l’hospitalit.. Paris: Relais et Chateau, 2014.
308 Nordic Co-operation. The new Nordic food manifesto. 2004.
manifesto (accessed June 10, 2017).
309 Sustainable Restaurants Association. One planet plate. London:
Sustainable Restaurants Association, 2018.
310 Birch LL. Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years
of life. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 617–24.
311 Development Initiatives. Global Nutrition Report 2017: nourishing
the SDGs. Bristol, UK: Development Initiatives, 2017.
312 Fung TT, Isanaka S, Hu FB, Willett WC. International food
group-based diet quality and risk of coronary heart disease in men
and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107: 120–29.
313 International Food Policy Research Institute. Improving diet quality
and micronutrient nutrition. Washington, DC: International Food
Policy Research Institute, 2009.
314 Herrero M, Thornton PK, Power B, et al. Farming and the
geography of nutrient production for human use:
a transdisciplinary analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2017; 1: e33–42.
315 Gillespie S, van den Bold M. Agriculture, food systems, and
nutrition: meeting the challenge. Global Challenges 2017;
1: 1600002.
316 Dangour AD, Hawkesworth S, Shankar B, et al. Can nutrition be
promoted through agriculture-led food price policies? A systematic
review. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e002937.
317 Smith J, Sones K, Grace D, MacMillan S, Tarawali S, Herrero M.
Beyond milk, meat, and eggs: role of livestock in food and nutrition
security. Anim Front 2013; 3: 6–13.
318 Herrero M, Havl.k P, Valin H, et al. Biomass use, production, feed
efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock
systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 20888–93.
319 Eating Better Alliance. Eating better for a fair green healthy future.
http://www.eating-better.org/ (accessed Nov 29, 2017).
320 Brauman KA, Siebert S, Foley JA. Improvements in crop water
productivity increase water sustainability and food security—
a global analysis. Environ Res Lett 2013; 8: 024030.
321 Geerts S, Raes D. Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to
maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric Water Manage
2009; 96: 1275–84.
322 Fisher M, Abate T, Lunduka RW, Asnake W, Alemayehu Y,
Madulu RB. Drought tolerant maize for farmer adaptation to
drought in sub-Saharan Africa: determinants of adoption in eastern
and southern Africa. Clim Change 2015; 133: 283–99.
323 Seufert V, Ramankutty N, Foley JA. Comparing the yields of organic
and conventional agriculture. Nature 2012; 485: 229–32.
324 Robertson GP, Vitousek PM. Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the
cost of an essential resource. Annu Rev Environ Resour 2009;
34: 97–125.
325 Chadwick D, Wei J, Yan’an T, Guanghui Y, Qirong S, Qing C.
Improving manure nutrient management towards sustainable
agricultural intensification in China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2015;
209: 34–46.
326 Schoumans OF, Chardon WJ, Bechmann ME, et al. Mitigation
options to reduce phosphorus losses from the agricultural sector
and improve surface water quality: a review. Sci Total Environ 2014;
468–469: 1255–66.
327 Nesme T, Colomb B, Hinsinger P, Watson CA. Soil phosphorus
management in organic cropping systems: from current practices
to avenues for a more efficient use of P resources. Organic farming,
prototype for sustainable agricultures. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014:
23–45.
328 Norton R, Davidson E, Roberts T. Nitrogen use efficiency and
nutrient performance indicators.
Global Partnership on Nutrient Management 2015.
329 European Commission. Report from the Commission to the
Council and the European Parliament on the implementation of
Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters
against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources based
on Member State reports for the period 2008–2011. Brussels, 2013.
330 Druilhe Z, Barreiro-Hurl. J. Fertilizer subsidies in sub-Saharan
Africa: ESA Working paper, 2012.
331 Ricketts TH, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Michener CD. Economic value
of tropical forest to coffee production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;
101: 12579–82.
332 Klein AM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. Pollination of Coffea
canephora in relation to local and regional agroforestry
management. J Appl Ecol 2003; 40: 837–45.
333 Porter-Bolland L, Ellis EA, Guariguata MR, Ruiz-Mall.n I,
Negrete-Yankelevich S, Reyes-Garc.a V. Community managed
forests and forest protected areas: an assessment of their
conservation effectiveness across the tropics. For Ecol Manage 2012;
268 (suppl C): 6–17.
334 Robinson BE, Holland MB, Naughton-Treves L. Does secure land
tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between
land tenure and tropical deforestation. Glob Environ Change 2014;
29: 281–93.
335 Ostrom E, Nagendra H. Insights on linking forests, trees, and
people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 19224–31.
336 Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P, Rueda X, et al. Effectiveness and synergies
of policy instruments for land use governance in tropical regions.
Glob Environ Change 2014; 28: 129–40.
337 Bennett EM, Peterson GD, Gordon LJ. Understanding relationships
among multiple ecosystem services. Ecol Lett 2009; 12: 1394–404.
338 le Polain de Waroux Y, Garrett RD, Heilmayr R, Lambin EF.
Land-use policies and corporate investments in agriculture in the
Gran Chaco and Chiquitano. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016;
113: 4021–26.
339 Phalan B, Green RE, Dicks LV, et al. Conservation ecology. How
can higher-yield farming help to spare nature? Science 2016;
351: 450–51.
340 Chazdon RL, Brancalion PH, Lamb D, Laestadius L, Calmon M,
Kumar C. A Policy-driven knowledge agenda for global forest and
landscape restoration. Conserv Lett 2017; 10: 125–32.
341 Crouzeilles R, Ferreira MS, Chazdon RL, et al. Ecological
restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active
restoration in tropical forests. Sci Adv 2017; 3: e1701345.
342 Convention on Biological Diversity. Aichi biodiversity targets.
https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/ (accessed Nov 20, 2017).
343 Soto D, Aguilar-Manjarrez J, Brug.re C, et al. Applying an
ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture: principles, scales and
some management measures. In: Soto D, Aguilar-Manjarrez J,
Hishamunda H (eds). Building an ecosystem approach to
aquaculture. FAO/Universitat de les Illes Balears Expert Workshop;
Palma de Mallorca, Spain; May 7–11, 2007. Fish Aquac Proc 2008;
14: 15–35.
344 Staples D, Funge-Smith S. Ecosystem approach to fisheries and
aquaculture: implementing the FAO code of conduct for
responsible fisheries. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,
2009.
345 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Code of conduct for
responsible fisheries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of
the UN, 1995.
346 Clark CW, Munro GR, Sumaila UR. Subsidies, buybacks, and
sustainable fisheries. J Environ Econ Manage 2005; 50: 47–58.
347 Sumaila UR, Lam VW, Miller DD, et al. Winners and losers in a
world where the high seas is closed to fishing. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 8481.
348 Crona BI, Daw TM, Swartz W, et al. Masked, diluted and drowned
out: how global seafood trade weakens signals from marine
ecosystems. Fish Fish 2016; 17: 1175–82.
349 Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Van Otterdijk R,
Meybeck A. Global food losses and food waste: extent, causes and
prevention. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN,
2011.
350 High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition.
Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security. A report by
the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of
the Committee on World Food Security. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the UN, 2013.
351 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Food loss and waste
reduction: agro-industries brief. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the UN, 2015.
352 Committee on World Food Security. Food losses and waste in the
context of sustainable food systems. A report by the High Level
Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee
on World Food Security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization
of the UN, 2014.
353 Sidhu K. Participation pattern of farm women in post harvesting.
Stud Home Comm Sci 2007; 1: 45–49.
354 Niles MT, Ahuja R, Barker T, et al. Climate change mitigation
beyond agriculture: a review of food system opportunities and
implications. Renew Agric Food Syst 2018; 33: 297–308.
355 UN Standing Committee on Nutrition. Sustainable diets for healthy
people and a healthy planet. Rome: UNSCN, 2017.
356 UN General Assembly. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change: resolution/adopted by the General Assembly, 1994.
357 WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2003.