Список использованной литературы

  1. Nakajima H. Tuberculosis: a global emergency. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1993.
  2. Raviglione MC, Uplekar MW. WHO’s new Stop TB Strategy. Lancet 2006; 367: 952–55.
  3. Uplekar M, Raviglione M. WHO’s End TB Strategy: From stopping to ending the global TB epidemic. Indian J Tuberc 2015; 62: 196–99.
  4. Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, et al. WHO’s new end TB strategy. Lancet 2015; 385: 1799–801.
  5. WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2018.
  6. Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA, Jenkins HE. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2017;5: e898–906.
  7. WHO. Disease burden and mortality estimates. 2018. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en / (accessed Jan 31, 2019).
  8. GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88.
  9. Ortblad KF, Salomon JA, B.rnighausen T, Atun R. Stopping tuberculosis: a biosocial model for sustainable development. Lancet 2015; 386: 2354–62.
  10. Oxlade O, Piatek A, Vincent C, Menzies D. Modeling the impact of tuberculosis interventions on epidemiologic outcomes and health system costs. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 141.
  11. Arinaminpathy N, Dowdy D. Understanding the incremental value of novel diagnostic tests for tuberculosis. Nature 2015; 528: S60–67.
  12. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu GA, Corbett L. ‘For a mere cough, men must just chew Conjex, gain strength, and continue working’: the provider construction and tuberculosis care-seeking implications in Blantyre, Malawi. Glob Health Action 2015; 8: 26292.
  13. Horton KC, MacPherson P, Houben RM, White RG, Corbett EL. Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002119.
  14. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Lancet 1978; 2: 1040–41
  15. Pai M, Furin J. Tuberculosis innovations mean little if they cannot save lives. eLife 2017; 6: 6.
  16. Onyebujoh P, Rodriguez W, Mwaba P. Priorities in tuberculosis research. Lancet 2006; 367: 940–42
  17. Marais BJ, Raviglione MC, Donald PR, et al. Scale-up of services and research priorities for diagnosis, management, and control of tuberculosis: a call to action. Lancet 2010; 375: 2179–91.
  18. Keshavjee S, Dowdy D, Swaminathan S. Stopping the body count: a comprehensive approach to move towards zero tuberculosis deaths. Lancet 2015; 386: e46–47.
  19. Hanson C, Osberg M, Brown J, Durham G, Chin DP. Finding the Missing Patients With Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned From Patient-Pathway Analyses in 5 Countries. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl 7): S686–95.
  20. Chin DP, Hanson CL. Finding the Missing Tuberculosis Patients. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl 7): S675–78.
  21. Masini E, Hanson C, Ogoro J, et al. Using Patient-Pathway Analysis to Inform a Differentiated Program Response to Tuberculosis: The Case of Kenya. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl 7): S714–23.
  22. Surya A, Setyaningsih B, Suryani Nasution H, et al. Quality Tuberculosis Care in Indonesia: Using Patient Pathway Analysis to Optimize Public-Private Collaboration. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl 7): S724–32.
  23. Shete PB, Haguma P, Miller CR, et al. Pathways and costs of care for patients with tuberculosis symptoms in rural Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19: 912–17.
  24. Kemp JR, Mann G, Simwaka BN, Salaniponi FM, Squire SB. Can Malawi’s poor afford free tuberculosis services? Patient and household costs associated with a tuberculosis diagnosis in Lilongwe. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85: 580–85.
  25. Sreeramareddy CT, Panduru KV, Menten J, Van den Ende J.Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review of literature. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 91.
  26. Kruk ME, Gage AD, Arsenault C, et al. High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e1196–252.
  27. Medecins Sans Frontieres. Out of Step 2017: TB policies in 28 countries, 2017.
  28. Stop TB Partnership Racing to the end TB finish line: tuberculosis financing in 2014. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2014 http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/Factsheet_05.pdf Date accessed: February 22, 2019
  1. Huddart S  MacLean E Pai M Location, location, location: tuberculosis services in highest burden countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e907-e908
  2. Sreeramareddy CT Qin ZZ  Satyanarayana S Subbaraman R Pai M Delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in India: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18: 255-266
  3. Cazabon D Suresh A Oghor C et al. Implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF in 22 high tuberculosis burden countries: are we making progress?. Eur Respir J. 2017; 50
  4. Huddart S  MacLean E Pai M Location, location, location: tuberculosis services in highest burden countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e907-e908
  5. Das J, Kwan A, Daniels B, et al. Use of standardised patients to assess quality of tuberculosis care: a pilot, cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15: 1305–13.
  6. Daniels B, Dolinger A, Bedoya G, et al. Use of standardised patients to assess quality of healthcare in Nairobi, Kenya: a pilot, cross-sectional study with international comparisons. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2: e000333.
  7. Sylvia S, Xue H, Zhou C, et al. Tuberculosis detection and the challenges of integrated care in rural China: a cross-sectional standardized patient study. PLoS Med 2017; 14: e1002405.
  8. Cazabon D, Alsdurf H, Satyanarayana S, et al. Quality of tuberculosis care in high burden countries: the urgent need to address gaps in the care cascade. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56: 111–16.
  9. Subbaraman R, Nathavitharana RR, Satyanarayana S, et al. The tuberculosis cascade of care in India’s public sector: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002149.
  10. Naidoo P, Theron G, Rangaka MX, et al. The South African tuberculosis care cascade: estimated losses and methodological challenges. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl_7): S702–13.
  11. Alsdurf H, Hill PC, Matteelli A, Getahun H, Menzies D. The cascade of care in diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 1269–78.
  12. MacPherson P, Houben RM, Glynn JR, Corbett EL, Kranzer K. Pre-treatment loss to follow-up in tuberculosis patients in lowand lower-middle-income countries and high-burden countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 126–38.
  13. Tanimura T, Jaramillo E, Weil D, Raviglione M, L.nnroth K. Financial burden for tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2014;
  14. Mwangwa F, Chamie G, Kwarisiima D, et al. Gaps in the Child Tuberculosis Care Cascade in 32 Rural Communities in Uganda and Kenya. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2017; 9: 24–29.
  15. Kwan A, Daniels B, Saria V, et al. Variations in the quality of tuberculosis care in urban India: a cross-sectional, standardized patient study in two cities. PLoS Med 2018; 15: e1002653.
  16. Arinaminpathy N, Batra D, Khaparde S, et al. The number of privately treated tuberculosis cases in India: an estimation from drug sales data. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 1255–60.
  17. Houben RMGJ, Menzies NA, Sumner T, et al. Feasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global tuberculosis targets in South Africa, China, and India: a combined analysis of 11 mathematical models. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4: e806–15.
  18. Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0124260.
  19. Chadha VK. Tuberculosis epidemiology in India: a review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9: 1072–82.
  20. MacIntyre CR, Kendig N, Kummer L, Birago S, Graham NM. Impact of tuberculosis control measures and crowding on the incidence of tuberculous infection in Maryland prisons. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1060–67.
  21. Chee CB, Teleman MD, Boudville IC, Wang YT. Contact screening and latent TB infection treatment in Singapore correctional facilities. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9: 1248–52.
  22. Hanifa Y, Grant AD, Lewis J, Corbett EL, Fielding K, Churchyard G. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among gold miners in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13: 39–46.
  23. Isler MA, Rivest P, Mason J, Brassard P. Screening employees of services for homeless individuals in Montr.al for tuberculosis infection. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6: 209–15.
  24. Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0124260.
  25. Chadha VK. Tuberculosis epidemiology in India: a review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9: 1072–82.
  26. MacIntyre CR, Kendig N, Kummer L, Birago S, Graham NM. Impact of tuberculosis control measures and crowding on the incidence of tuberculous infection in Maryland prisons. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1060–67.
  27. van Rie A, McCarthy K, Scott L, Dow A, Venter WD, Stevens WS. Prevalence, risk factors and risk perception of tuberculosis infection among medical students and healthcare workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2013; 103: 853–57.
  28. Kranzer K, Afnan-Holmes H, Tomlin K, et al. The benefits to communities and individuals of screening for active tuberculosis disease: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 432–46.
  29. Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1002152.
  30. Lincoln EM. The effect of antimicrobial therapy on the prognosis of primary tuberculosis in children. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 69: 682–89.
  31. Comstock GW, Baum C, Snider DE Jr. Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a final report of the bethel isoniazid studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 827–30.
  32. Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A general review. Bibl Tuberc 1970; 26: 28–106.
  33. Rangaka MX, Wilkinson RJ, Boulle A, et al. Isoniazid plus antiretroviral therapy to prevent tuberculosis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 384: 682–90.
  34. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1986–92.
  35. Getahun H, Chaisson RE, Raviglione M. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1179–80.
  36. Mills HL, Cohen T, Colijn C. Modelling the performance of isoniazid preventive therapy for reducing tuberculosis in HIV endemic settings: the effects of network structure. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8: 1510–20.
  37. Dowdy DW, Golub JE, Saraceni V, et al. Impact of isoniazid preventive therapy for HIV-infected adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an epidemiological model. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 552–58.
  38. Churchyard GJ, Chaisson RE, Maartens G, Getahun H. Tuberculosis preventive therapy: an underutilised strategy to reduce individual risk of TB and contribute to TB control. S Afr Med J 2014; 104: 339–43.
  39. World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
  40. Jenkins HE, Plesca V, Ciobanu A, et al. Assessing spatial heterogeneity of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden country. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1291–301.
  41. Zelner JL, Murray MB, Becerra MC, et al. Identifying Hotspots of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Transmission Using Spatial and Molecular Genetic Data. J Infect Dis 2016; 213: 287–94
  42. Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani KK, Rodrigues C. Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54: 579–81.
  43. Zhao Y, Xu S, Wang L, et al. National survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in China. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2161–70.
  44. Shah NS, Auld SC, Brust JC, et al. Transmission of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 243–53.
  45. Yang C, Luo T, Shen X, et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Shanghai, China: a retrospective observational study using whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological investigation. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: 275–84.
  46. Kendall EA, Fofana MO, Dowdy DW. Burden of transmitted multidrug resistance in epidemics of tuberculosis: a transmission modelling analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3: 963–72.
  47. Dowdy DW, Golub JE, Chaisson RE, Saraceni V. Heterogeneity in tuberculosis transmission and the role of geographic hotspots in propagating epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 9557–62.
  48. L.nnroth K, Glaziou P, Weil D, Floyd K, Uplekar M, Raviglione M. Beyond UHC: monitoring health and social protection coverage in the context of tuberculosis care and prevention. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001693.
  49. L.nnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG, Dye C, Raviglione M. Drivers of tuberculosis epidemics: the role of risk factors and social determinants. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68: 2240–46.
  50. Hargreaves JR, Boccia D, Evans CA, Adato M, Petticrew M, Porter JD. The social determinants of tuberculosis: from evidence to action. Am J Public Health 2011; 101: 654–62.
  51. Creswell J, Jaramillo E, L.nnroth K, Weil D, Raviglione M. Tuberculosis and poverty: what is being done. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 431–32.
  52. Adeyi O, Darley S, Floyd K, Dye C, Klein E, Laxminarayan R. Economic benefit of Tuberculosis control. In: Bank TW, editor. Washington DC; 2007.
  53. Ukwaja KN, Modebe O, Igwenyi C, Alobu I. The economic burden of tuberculosis care for patients and households in Africa: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16: 733–39.
  54. Kapoor SK, Raman AV, Sachdeva KS, Satyanarayana S. How did the TB patients reach DOTS services in Delhi? A study of patient treatment seeking behavior. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42458.
  55. Mauch V, Bonsu F, Gyapong M, et al. Free tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment are not enough: patient cost evidence from three continents. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 381–87.
  56. Aspler A, Menzies D, Oxlade O, et al. Cost of tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment from the patient perspective in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12: 928–35.
  57. WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.
  58. Boccia D, Hargreaves J, De Stavola BL, et al. The association between household socioeconomic position and prevalent tuberculosis in Zambia: a case-control study. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20824.
  59. Richter LM, L.nnroth K, Desmond C, Jackson R, Jaramillo E, Weil D. Economic support to patients in HIV and TB grants in rounds 7 and 10 from the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. PLoS One 2014; 9: e86225.
  60. Sripad A, Castedo J, Danford N, Zaha R, Freile C. Effects of Ecuador’s national monetary incentive program on adherence to treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18: 44–48.
  61. Chandra S, Sharma N, Joshi K, Aggarwal N, Kannan AT. Resurrecting social infrastructure as a determinant of urban tuberculosis control in Delhi, India. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 3.
  62. Dye C, L.nnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG, Raviglione M. Trends in tuberculosis incidence and their determinants in 134 countries. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 683–91.
  63. lvarez JL, Kunst AE, Leinsalu M, et al. Educational inequalities in tuberculosis mortality in sixteen European populations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 1461–67.
  64. Rasanathan K, Sivasankara Kurup A, Jaramillo E, L.nnroth K.mThe social determinants of health: key to global tuberculosis control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15 (suppl 2): 30–36.
  65. Lin HH, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e20.
  66. Graham SM, Sismanidis C, Menzies HJ, Marais BJ, Detjen AK, Black RE. Importance of tuberculosis control to address child survival. Lancet 2014; 383: 1605–07.
  67. WHO. Global tuberculosis report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/259366/1/9789241565516-eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed Dec 21, 2017).
  68. Dodd PJ, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA. Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 1193–201
  69. Jenkins HE, Tolman AW, Yuen CM, et al. Incidence of multidrugresistantmtuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimates. Lancet 2014; 383: 1572–79.
  70. WHO. The End TB Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization,2015. http://www.who.int/tb/strategy/End_TB_Strategy.pdf?ua=1 (accessed Nov 15, 2016).
  71. WHO. Roadmap for childhood tuberculosis. Geneva: World HealthOrganization, 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/89506/1/9789241506137_eng.pdf , 2013).
  72. Graham SM. The management of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in young children post-2015: an opportunity to close the policy-practice gap. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11: 41–49.
  73. Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Pietroni MA, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis in severely-malnourished or HIV-infected children with pneumonia: a review. J Health Pop Nutr 2013; 31: 308–13.
  74. Pai M, Behr MA, Dowdy D, et al. Tuberculosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 16076.
  75. Dowdy DW, Azman AS, Kendall EA, Mathema B. Transforming the fight against tuberculosis: targeting catalysts of transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 1123–29.
  76. Frieden TR, Fujiwara PI, Washko RM, Hamburg MA. Tuberculosis in New York City—turning the tide. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 229–33.
  77. Comstock GW, Philip RN. Decline of the tuberculosis epidemic in Alaska. Public Health Rep 1961; 76: 19–24.
  78. Raviglione M, Uplekar M, Weil D, Kasaeva T. Tuberculosis makes it onto the international political agenda for health…finally. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e20–21.
  79. Shete PB, Reid M, Goosby E. Message to world leaders: we cannot end tuberculosis without addressing the social and economic burden of the disease. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e1272–73.
  80. Shimao T. [Tuberculosis prevalence survey in Japan]. Kekkaku 2009; 84: 713–20.
  81. Zhu S, Xia L, Yu S, Chen S, Zhang J. The burden and challenges of tuberculosis in China: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 14601.
  82. Wang L, Zhang H, Ruan Y, et al. Tuberculosis prevalence in China, 1990–2010; a longitudinal analysis of national survey data. Lancet 2014; 383: 2057–64.
  83. Su.rez PG, Watt CJ, Alarc.n E, et al. The dynamics of tuberculosis in response to 10 years of intensive control effort in Peru. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 473–78.
  84. Fofana MO, Knight GM, Gomez GB, White RG, Dowdy DW. Population-level impact of shorter-course regimens for tuberculosis: a model-based analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e96389.
  85. Jamison DT, Murphy SM, Sandbu ME. Why has under-5 mortality decreased at such different rates in different countries? J Health Econ 2016; 48: 16–25.
  86. Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet 2013; 382: 1898–955.
  87. Odone A, Roberts B, Dara M, van den Boom M, Kluge H, McKee M. People- and person-centred care for tuberculosis: models of care for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22: 133–38.
  88. Seddon JA, Graham SM. Childhood TB: can the End TB Strategy deliver? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110: 155–57.
  89. Kruk ME, Yamey G, Angell SY, et al. Transforming global health by improving the science of scale-up. PLoS Biol 2016; 14: e1002360.
  90. Ali SM, Naureen F, Noor A, et al. Loss-to-follow-up and delay to treatment initiation in Pakistan’s national tuberculosis control programme. BMC Public Health 2018; 18: 335.
  91. Asres M, Gedefaw M, Kahsay A, Weldu Y. Patients’ delay in seeking health care for tuberculosis diagnosis in East Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96: 1071–75.
  92. Dye C. Expanded health systems for sustainable development. Science 2018; 359: 1337–39.
  93. Gelmanova IY, Taran DV, Mishustin SP, Golubkov AA, Solovyova AV, Keshavjee S. ‘Sputnik’: a programmatic approach toimprove tuberculosis treatment adherence and outcome among defaulters. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 1373–79.
  94. Patient Pathway Analysis: How-to Guide: Linksbridge, 2017.
  95. WHO. Report of the 16th Meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Tuberculosis Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
  96. Wyber R, Vaillancourt S, Perry W, Mannava P, Folaranmi T, Celi LA. Big data in global health: improving health in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93: 203–08.
  97. Ocampo JMF, Smart JC, Allston A, et al. Improving HIV surveillance data for public health action in Washington, DC: a novel multiorganizational data-sharing method. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2016; 2: e3.
  98. Miranda ML, Ferranti J, Strauss B, Neelon B, Califf RM. Geographic health information systems: a platform to support the ‘triple aim’. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013; 32: 1608–15.
  99. Balicer RD, Luengo-Oroz M, Cohen-Stavi C, et al. Using big data for non-communicable disease surveillance. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 595–98.
  100. Orellana-Presentacion M, Benavides-Luyo C, Taype-Rondan A. [Support groups for patients with tuberculosis in Facebook]. Rev Med Chil 2016; 144: 819.
  101. Hermans SM, Elbireer S, Tibakabikoba H, Hoefman BJ, Manabe YC. Text messaging to decrease tuberculosis treatment attrition in TB-HIV coinfection in Uganda. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017; 11: 1479–87.
  102. Mohammed S, Glennerster R, Khan AJ. Impact of a daily SMS medication reminder system on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: a randomized controlled Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0162944.
  103. Small PM. Smartphones should fuel the next generation of tuberculosis care. 2018. https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/23/ smartphones-next-generation-tuberculosis-care/ (accessed Dec 15, 2018).
  104. Satyanarayana S, Subbaraman R, Shete P, et al. Quality of tuberculosis care in India: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19: 751–63.
  105. Bardfield J, Palumbo M, Geis M, Jasmin M, Agins BD, and the NOA Working Group. A National Organizational Assessment (NOA) to build sustainable quality management programs in low- and middle- income countries. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2016; 42: 325–30.
  106. Leatherman S, Ferris TG, Berwick D, Omaswa F, Crisp N. The role of quality improvement in strengthening health systems in developing countries. Int J Qual Health Care 2010; 22: 237–43.
  107. McCarthy EA, Subramaniam HL, Prust ML, et al. Quality improvement intervention to increase adherence to ART prescription policy at HIV treatment clinics in Lusaka, Zambia: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0175534.
  108. Youngleson MS, Nkurunziza P, Jennings K, Arendse J, Mate KS, Barker P. Improving a mother to child HIV transmission programme through health system redesign: quality improvement, protocol adjustment and resource addition. PLoS One 2010; 5: e13891.
  109. Lolekha R, Chunwimaleung S, Hansudewechakul R, et al. Pediatric HIVQUAL-T: measuring and improving the quality of pediatric HIV care in Thailand, 2005–2007. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2010; 36: 541–51.
  110. Hung A, Pradel F. A review of how the quality of HIV clinical services has been evaluated or improved. Int J STD AIDS 2015; 26: 445–55.
  111. Bardfield J, Agins B, Akiyama M, et al. A quality improvement approach to capacity building in low- and middle-income countries. AIDS 2015; 29 (suppl 2): S179–86.
  112. UNAIDS TC. International standards of tuberculosis care: WHO, 2014.
  113. Vesga JF, Hallett TB, Reid MJA, et al. Assessing tuberculosis control priorities in high-burden settings: a modelling approach. Lancet Glob Health 2019; published online March 20. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/ S2214-109X(19)30037-3.
  114. Reid MJ, Shah NS. Approaches to tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 173–84.
  115. Law I, Sylavanh P, Bounmala S, et al. The first national tuberculosis prevalence survey of Lao PDR (2010–2011). Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20: 1146–54.
  116. Onozaki I, Law I, Sismanidis C, Zignol M, Glaziou P, Floyd K. National tuberculosis prevalence surveys in Asia, 1990–2012: an overview of results and lessons learned. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20: 1128–45.
  117. Ayles H, Schaap A, Nota A, et al, and the Peter Godfrey-Faussett for the ZAMSTAR Study Team. Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV and respiratory symptoms in two Zambian communities: implications for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5602.
  118. Getahun H, Kittikraisak W, Heilig CM, et al. Development of a standardized screening rule for tuberculosis in people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings: individual participant data meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1000391.
  119. Fox GJ, Barry SE, Britton WJ, Marks GB. Contact investigation for tuberculosis: a

systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 140–56.

  1. Barboza CE, Winter DH, Seiscento M, Santos UP, Terra Filho M. Tuberculosis and

silicosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and chemoprophylaxis. J Bras Pneumol 2008; 34: 959–66.

  1. Baussano I, Williams BG, Nunn P, Beggiato M, Fedeli U, Scano F. Tuberculosis

incidence in prisons: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000381.

  1. Kranzer K, Houben RM, Glynn JR, Bekker LG, Wood R, Lawn SD. Yield of HIV-

associated tuberculosis during intensified case finding in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 93–102.

  1. Ayles H, Muyoyeta M, Du Toit E, et al, and the ZAMSTAR team. Effect of household

and community interventions on the burden of tuberculosis in southern Africa: the ZAMSTAR community-randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 1183–94.

  1. Cavalcante SC, Durovni B, Barnes GL, et al. Community-randomized trial of enhanced

DOTS for tuberculosis control in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14: 203–09.

  1. Corbett EL, Bandason T, Duong T, et al. Comparison of two active case-finding

strategies for community-based diagnosis of symptomatic smear-positive tuberculosis and control of infectious tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe (DETECTB): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1244–53.

  1. Okada K, Onozaki I, Yamada N, et al. Epidemiological impact of mass tuberculosis

screening: a 2-year follow-up after a national prevalence survey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16: 1619–24.

  1. Fox GJ, Nhung NV, Sy DN, et al. Household-Contact Investigation for Detection of

Tuberculosis in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: 221–29.

  1. Dowdy DW, Lotia I, Azman AS, Creswell J, Sahu S, Khan AJ. Population-level impact

of active tuberculosis case finding in an Asian megacity. PLoS One 2013; 8: e77517.

  1. Yuen CM, Amanullah F, Dharmadhikari A, et al. Turning off the tap: stopping

tuberculosis transmission through active case-finding and prompt effective treatment. Lancet 2015; 386: 2334–43.

  1. Uplekar M, Creswell J, Ottmani SE, Weil D, Sahu S, L.nnroth K. Programmatic

approaches to screening for active tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 1248–56.

158 Stop TB. Partnership U. GLOBAL PLAN TO END TB; revised funding estimates

2018–2022. Geneva: Stop TB Partnership, 2018.

159 Madon T, Hofman KJ, Kupfer L, Glass RI. Public health. Implementation science.

Science 2007; 318: 1728–29.

160 Yamey G. Scaling up global health interventions: a proposed framework for success.

PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1001049.

161 Fox GJ, Nhung NV, Sy DN, Britton WJ, Marks GB. Household contact investigation for

tuberculosis in Vietnam: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials

2013; 14: 342.

162 Citro B, Lyon E, Mankad M, Pandey KR, Gianella C. Developing a Human Rights-

Based Approach to Tuberculosis. Health Hum Rights 2016; 18: 1–8.

163 Li L, Lin Y, Mi F, et al. Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in

China. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17: 1294–301.

164 Khan AJ, Khowaja S, Khan FS, et al. Engaging the private sector to increase

tuberculosis case detection: an impact evaluation study. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12:

608–16.

165 Datiko DG, Lindtj.rn B. Health extension workers improve tuberculosis case detection

and treatment success in southern Ethiopia: a community randomized trial. PLoS One

2009; 4: e5443.

166 Wingfield T, Tovar MA, Datta S, Saunders MJ, Evans CA. Addressing social

determinants to end tuberculosis. Lancet 2018; 391: 1129–32.

167 Kranzer K, Lawn SD, Meyer-Rath G, et al. Feasibility, yield, and cost of active

tuberculosis case finding linked to a mobile HIV service in Cape Town, South Africa: a

cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001281.

168 Mandalakas AM, Hesseling AC, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Sinanovic E. Modelling

the cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent tuberculosis in child contacts in a high-burden

setting. Thorax 2013; 68: 247–55.

169 Azman AS, Golub JE, Dowdy DW. How much is tuberculosis screening worth?

Estimating the value of active case finding for tuberculosis in South Africa, China, and

India. BMC Med 2014; 12: 216.

170 Akachi Y, Zumla A, Atun R. Investing in improved performance of national tuberculosis

programs reduces the tuberculosis burden: analysis of 22 high-burden countries, 2002–

2009. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 (suppl 2): S284–92.

171 Department of Health of South Africa South African National AIDS Council: South

African HIV and TB Investment Case—summary report phase 1.

http://www.heroza.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/SA-HIV_TB-Investment-Case-Full-

Report-Low-Res.pdf Date: 2016 Date accessed: February 23, 2019

172 WHO. ScreenTB — target prioritization and strategy selection for tuberculosis screening

(active case finding). 2016. https://wpro. shinyapps.io/screen_tb/ (accessed April 18,

2018).

173 Melendez J, S.nchez CI, Philipsen RH, et al. An automated tuberculosis screening strategy

combining X-ray-based computer-aided detection and clinical information. Sci Rep 2016;

6: 25265.

174 Philipsen RH, S.nchez CI, Maduskar P, et al. Automated chest-radiography as a triage

for Xpert testing in resource-constrained settings: a prospective study of diagnostic

accuracy and costs. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 12215.

175 Pande T, Cohen C, Pai M, Ahmad Khan F. Computer-aided detection of pulmonary

tuberculosis on digital chest radiographs: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis

2016; 20: 1226–30.

176 Brown LB, Ayieko J, Mwangwa F, et al. Predictors of retention in HIV care among youth

(15–24) in a universal test-and-treat setting in Rural Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic

Syndr 2017; 76: e15–18.

177 Wesolowski A, Eagle N, Tatem AJ, et al. Quantifying the impact of human mobility on

malaria. Science 2012; 338: 267–70.

178 WHO. Systematic Screening for active tubeculosis; principles and recommendations.

Geneva, 2013.

179 L.nnroth K, Corbett E, Golub J, et al. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis:

rationale, definitions and key considerations. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 289–98.

180 UNAIDS. HIV infections (all ages). 2018. http://aidsinfo.unaids.org (accessed Jan 31,

2019).

181 Dodd PJ, Gardiner E, Coghlan R, Seddon JA. Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22

high- burden countries: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2:

e453–59.

182 Morrison J, Pai M, Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in close

contacts of people with pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income and middle-income

countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 359–68.

183 Rangaka MX, Cavalcante SC, Marais BJ, et al. Controlling the seedbeds of tuberculosis:

diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis infection. Lancet 2015; 386: 2344–53.

184 WHO. WHO Policy on TB Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, Congregate

Settings and Households. Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.

185 Bock NN, Jensen PA, Miller B, Nardell E. Tuberculosis infection control in resource-

limited settings in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment. J Infect Dis 2007; 196

(suppl 1): S108–13.

186 Reid MJ, Saito S, Nash D, Scardigli A, Casalini C, Howard AA.Implementation of

tuberculosis infection control measures at HIV care and treatment sites in sub-Saharan

Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16: 1605–12.

187 Snider DE Jr. The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis. Am Rev Respir Dis

1978; 118: 455–60.

188 Samandari T, Agizew TB, Nyirenda S, et al. 6-month versus 36-month isoniazid

preventive treatment for tuberculosis in adults with HIV infection in Botswana: a

randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 1588–98.

189 Suthar AB, Lawn SD, del Amo J, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of

tuberculosis in adults with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2012;

9: e1001270.

190 Badje A, Moh R, Gabillard D, et al, and the Temprano ANRS 12136 Study Group. Effect

of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with

high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial. Lancet

Glob Health 2017; 5: e1080–89.

191 Hakim J, Musiime V, Szubert AJ, et al, and the REALITY Trial Team. Enhanced

Prophylaxis plus antiretroviral Therapy for Advanced HIV Infection in Africa. N Engl J

Med 2017; 377: 233–45.

192 Dye C, Glaziou P, Floyd K, Raviglione M. Prospects for tuberculosis elimination. Annu

Rev Public Health 2013; 34: 271–86.

193 Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Becerra MC, Revill P, Jenkins HE, Seddon JA. Potential effect of

household contact management on childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling

study. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e1329–38.

194 Balcells ME, Thomas SL, Godfrey-Faussett P, Grant AD. Isoniazid preventive therapy

and risk for resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 744–51.

195 Holland DP, Sanders GD, Hamilton CD, Stout JE. Costs and cost-effectiveness of four

treatment regimens for latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;

179: 1055–60.

196 Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al, and the TB Trials Consortium PREVENT

TB Study Team. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis

infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2155–66.

197 Swindells S, Ramachandani R, Gupta A, et al. One month of Rifapentine/Isoniazid to

prevent TB in people with HIV: BRIEF-TB/A5279. CROI. Boston; 2018.

198 Huang YW, Yang SF, Yeh YP, Tsao TC, Tsao SM. Impacts of 12-dose regimen for latent

tuberculosis infection: Treatment completion rate and cost-effectiveness in Taiwan.

Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e4126.

199 Shepardson D, Marks SM, Chesson H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a 12-dose regimen for

treating latent tuberculous infection in the United States. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:

1531–37.

200 Chaisson RE, Golub JE. Preventing tuberculosis in people with HIV-no more excuses.

Lancet Glob Health 2017; 5: e1048–49.

201 WHO. Latent TB Infection: Updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic

management. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2018.

202 Yuen CM, Jenkins HE, Chang R, Mpunga J, Becerra MC. Two methods for setting child-

focused tuberculosis care targets. Public Health Action 2016; 6: 83–96.

203 Theron G, Jenkins HE, Cobelens F, et al. Data for action: collection and use of local data

to end tuberculosis. Lancet 2015; 386: 2324–33.

204 Uplekar MW, Shepard DS. Treatment of tuberculosis by private general practitioners in

India. Tubercle 1991; 72: 284–90.

205 Lal SS, Uplekar M, Katz I, et al. Global Fund financing of public-private mix approaches

for delivery of tuberculosis care. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 16: 685–92.

206 WHO. Joint Monitoring Mission: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme

(RNTCP) India, 2009.

207 WHO. Involving private practitioners in tuberculosis control: issues, interventions and

emerging policy framework. Geneva: WHO, 2001.

208 Xu K, Evans DB, Carrin G, Aguilar-Rivera AM, Musgrove P, Evans T. Protecting

households from catastrophic health spending. Health Aff (Millwood) 2007; 26: 972–83.

209 Xu K, Evans DB, Kawabata K, Zeramdini R, Klavus J, Murray CJ. Household

catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis. Lancet 2003; 362: 111–17.

210 Wells WA, Uplekar M, Pai M. Achieving Systemic and Scalable Private Sector

Engagement in Tuberculosis Care and Prevention in Asia. PLoS Med 2015; 12:

e1001842.

211 L.nnroth K, Uplekar M, Blanc L. Hard gains through soft contracts: productive

engagement of private providers in tuberculosis control. Bull World Health Organ 2006;

84: 876–83.

212 Malmborg R, Mann G, Squire SB. A systematic assessment of the concept and practice of

public-private mix for tuberculosis care and control. Int J Equity Health 2011; 10: 49.

213 Lei X, Liu Q, Escobar E, et al. Public-private mix for tuberculosis care and control: a

systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 34: 20–32.

214 Floyd K, Arora VK, Murthy KJ, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of PPM-DOTS for

tuberculosis control: evidence from India. Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84: 437–45.

215 Hanson CL, Osberg M, Brown J, Durham G, Chin DP. Conducting Patient-Pathway

Analysis to Inform Programming of Tuberculosis Services: Methods. J Infect Dis 2017;

216 (suppl 7): S679–85.

216 Wells WA, Ge CF, Patel N, Oh T, Gardiner E, Kimerling ME. Size and usage patterns of

private TB drug markets in the high burden countries. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18964.

217 Wells WA, Stallworthy G, Balsara Z. How tuberculosis programs can navigate the world

of social health insurance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 23: 26–37.

218 Caslyn M. Alternatives to Fee-for-Service payments in health care. 2013.

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/

reports/2012/09/18/38320/alternatives-to-fee-for-service-paymentsin- health-care/

(accessed Dec 4, 2018).

219 Arinaminpathy N. Predicted impact of effective private provider engagement on

tuberculosis control in urban India.

220 O’Neill J. Review on antimicrobial resistance. Tackling drug-resistant infections

globally: final report and reccomendations Wellcome Trust ad UK Government, 2016.

221 Lunte K, Cordier-Lassalle T, Keravec J. Reducing the price of treatment for multidrug-

resistant tuberculosis through the Global Drug Facility. Bull World Health Organ 2015;

93: 279–82.

222 Medecins Sans Frontieres Partners in Health and the Treatment Action Group. An

evaluation of drug-resistant TB treatment scale up. 2011.

223 Cobelens FG, Heldal E, Kimerling ME, et al. Scaling up programmatic management of

drug-resistant tuberculosis: a prioritized research agenda. PLoS Med 2008; 5: e150.

224 WHO. Towards universal access to diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant and

extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis by 2015: WHO progress report 2011. Geneva:

World Health Organization, 2011.

225 Hwang TJ, Keshavjee S. Global financing and long-term technical assistance for

multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: scaling up access to treatment. PLoS Med 2014; 11:

e1001738.

226 Ragonnet R, Trauer JM, Denholm JT, Marais BJ, McBryde ES. High rates of multidrug-

resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis among re-treatment cases: where do they

come from? BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 36.

227 Bloemberg GV, Keller PM, Stucki D, et al. Acquired resistance to bedaquiline and

delamanid in therapy for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1986–88.

228 Law S, Piatek AS, Vincent C, Oxlade O, Menzies D. Emergence of drug resistance in

patients with tuberculosis cared for by the Indian health-care system: a dynamic

modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2017; 2: e47–55.

229 Mitchison DA. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short

course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 10–15.

230 Srivastava S, Pasipanodya JG, Meek C, Leff R, Gumbo T. Multidrug-resistant

tuberculosis not due to noncompliance but to between-patient pharmacokinetic

variability. J Infect Dis 2011; 204: 1951–59.

231 March F, Garriga X, Rodriguez P, et al. Acquired drug resistance in Mycobacterium

tuberculosis isolates recovered from compliant patients with human immunodeficiency

virus-associated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1044–47.

232 Zhao P, Li XJ, Zhang SF, Wang XS, Liu CY. Social behaviour risk factors for drug

resistant tuberculosis in mainland China: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2012; 40: 436–

45.

233 van Ingen J, Aarnoutse RE, Donald PR, et al. Why do we use 600 mg of rifampicin in

tuberculosis treatment? Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: e194–99.

234 Liang L, Wu Q, Gao L, et al. Factors contributing to the high prevalence of multidrug-

resistant tuberculosis: a study from China. Thorax 2012; 67: 632–38.

235 Khan MS, Hutchison C, Coker RJ. Risk factors that may be driving the emergence of

drug resistance in tuberculosis patients treated in Yangon, Myanmar. PLoS One 2017; 12:

e0177999.

236 WHO. Good practices in strengthening health systems for the prevention and care of

tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016.

Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016.

237 Colijn C, Cohen T, Ganesh A, Murray M. Spontaneous emergence of multiple drug

resistance in tuberculosis before and during therapy. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18327.

238 Mitchison DA, Nunn AJ. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-

course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 423–30.

239 Shrestha S, Knight GM, Fofana M, et al. Drivers and trajectories of resistance to new

first-line drug regimens for tuberculosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1: ofu073.

240 Cegielski JP, Dalton T, Yagui M, et al. Extensive Drug Resistance Acquired During

Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 1049–63.

241 Seddon JA, Warren RM, Enarson DA, Beyers N, Schaaf HS. Drug-resistant tuberculosis

transmission and resistance amplification within families. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:

1342–45.

242 Temple B, Ayakaka I, Ogwang S, et al. Rate and amplification of drug resistance among

previously-treated patients with tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2008;

47: 1126–34.

243 Furin JJ, Becerra MC, Shin SS, Kim JY, Bayona J, Farmer PE. Effect of administering

short-course, standardized regimens in individuals infected with drug-resistant

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 132–36.

244 Prabhu BP, Kunoor A, Sudhir S, et al. Anti-tuberculosis treatment stewardship in a

private tertiary care hospital in South India. Public Health Action 2018; 8: 151.

245 Pai M, Schito M. Tuberculosis diagnostics in 2015: landscape, priorities, needs, and

prospects. J Infect Dis 2015; 211 (suppl 2): S21–28.

246 Boehme CC, Nicol MP, Nabeta P, et al. Feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and

effectiveness of decentralised use of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for diagnosis of tuberculosis

and multidrug resistance: a multicentre implementation study. Lancet 2011; 377: 1495–

505.

247 Tomasicchio M, Theron G, Pietersen E, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of the

MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl assays for drug-resistant TB detection when performed on

sputum and culture isolates. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 17850.

248 Albert H, Bwanga F, Mukkada S, et al. Rapid screening of MDR-TB using molecular

Line Probe Assay is feasible in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 41.

249 Cox H, Dickson-Hall L, Ndjeka N, et al. Delays and loss to follow-up before treatment of

drug-resistant tuberculosis following implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF in South Africa:

a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2017; 14: e1002238.

250 Boyd R, Ford N, Padgen P, Cox H. Time to treatment for rifampicin-resistant

tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21:

1173–80.

251 Chakravorty S, Simmons AM, Rowneki M, et al. The new Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra:

improving detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to rifampin in an assay

suitable for point-of-care testing. MBio 2017; 8 (4): pii: e00812–17.

252 Xie YL, Chakravorty S, Armstrong DT, et al. Evaluation of a rapid molecular drug-

susceptibility test for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 1043–54.

253 Ifakara Health Institute. Evaluation of CEPHEId GeneXpert Omni combined with the

Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra in primary health care in Tanzania. 2018.

https://ihi.or.tz/project/cepheid-genexpert-omnicombined- with-the-xpert-mtbrif-ultra-

for-detection-of-tuberculosisand- rifampicin-resistance-in-adults-with-presumptive-

pulmonarytuberculosis- at-primary-level-diagnostic-cent/ (accessed Jan 16, 2018).

254 Lessells RJ, Cooke GS, McGrath N, Nicol MP, Newell ML, Godfrey-Faussett P. Impact

of point-of-care Xpert MTB/RIF on tuberculosis treatment initiation: a cluster

randomised trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196: 901–10.

255 Hanrahan CF, Clouse K, Bassett J, et al. The patient impact of point-of-care vs.

laboratory placement of Xpert((R)) MTB/RIF. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19: 811–16.

256 Ahuja SD, Ashkin D, Avendano M, et al. Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis

treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of

9,153 patients. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001300.

257 Wu S, Zhang Y, Sun F, et al. Adverse events associated with the treatment of multidrug-

resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ther 2016; 23: e521–

30.

258 Shringarpure KS, Isaakidis P, Sagili KD, Baxi RK, Das M, Daftary A.

“When treatment is more challenging than the disease”: a qualitative study of MDR-TB

patient retention. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0150849.

259 Brigden G, Nyang’wa BT, du Cros P, et al. Principles for designing future regimens for

multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 68–74.

260 WHO. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2016 update. Geneva:

World Health Organization, 2016.

261 WHO. The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: interim

policy guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.

262 WHO. The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: World

Health Organization, 2013.

263 RESIST-TB (Research Excellence to Stop TB Resistance). Drug-resistant tuberculosis

clinical trials progress report. 2017.

264 Cox HS, Furin JJ, Mitnick CD, Daniels C, Cox V, Goemaere E. The need to accelerate

access to new drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 2015;

93: 491–97.

265 WHO. Report of the Guideline Development Group Meeting on the use of bedaquiline in

the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, a review of available evidence (2016).

Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016.

266 Interim clinical guidance for the implementation of injectable-free regimens for

rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in adults, adolescents and children. Pretoria: National

Department of Health South Africa. 2018.

267 WHO. Rapid communication: key changes to treatment of multidrug- and rifampicin-

resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB). Genevaa: World Health Organization, 2018.

268 Seddon JA, Godfrey-Faussett P, Jacobs K, Ebrahim A, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS.

Hearing loss in patients on treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2012;

40: 1277–86.

269 Reuter A, Tisile P, von Delft D, et al. The devil we know: is the use of injectable agents

for the treatment of MDR-TB justified? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21: 1114–26.

270 Cox V, Brigden G, Crespo RH, et al. Global programmatic use of bedaquiline and

delamanid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis

2018; 22: 407–12.

271 Furin J, Brigden G, Lessem E, Rich M, Vaughan L, Lynch S. Global progress and

challenges in implementing new medications for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Emerg Infect Dis 2016; published online March. DOI:10.3201/eid2203.151430.

272 Cox H, Hughes J, Black J, Nicol MP. Precision medicine for drug-resistant tuberculosis

in high-burden countries: is individualised treatment desirable and feasible? Lancet Infect

Dis 2018; 18: e282–87.

273 WHO. Active tuberculosis drug-safety monitoring and management (aDSM): framework

for implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

274 Tanani DS, Serragui S, Hammi S, et al. National strategy for the integration of

pharmacovigilance in the Moroccan TB Control Program. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 26: 48.

275 Nahid P. CURE-TB strategy stratified medicine trials. 2018.

http://tb.ucsf.edu/tb-

therapeutics-trials-pharmacokinetics (accessed Dec 8, 2018).

276 Toczek A, Cox H, du Cros P, Cooke G, Ford N. Strategies for reducing treatment default

in drug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung

Dis 2013; 17: 299–307.

277 Cox H, Ford N. Decentralisation of multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis care and

management. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 644–46.

278 WHO. Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for

programmatic management. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.

279 Laurence YV, Griffiths UK, Vassall A. Costs to health services and the patient of treating

tuberculosis: a systematic literature review. Pharmacoeconomics 2015; 33: 939–55.

280 Oeltmann JE, Varma JK, Ortega L, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak

among US-bound Hmong refugees, Thailand, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1715–21.

281 Global health security agenda. 2018. https://www.ghsagenda.org/ about.

282 Paulson T. Epidemiology: a mortal foe. Nature 2013; 502: S2–3.

283 Bloom BR, Rifat Atun, Ted Cohen, et al. Tuberculosis. In: Jamison DT, Jha P, eds.

Disease control priorities in developing countries, 3rd edition. Washington, DC: Oxford

University Press, 2017.

284 Petruccioli E, Scriba TJ, Petrone L, et al. Correlates of tuberculosis risk: predictive

biomarkers for progression to active tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 1751–63.

285 Marais BJ, Schaaf HS. Childhood tuberculosis: an emerging and previously neglected

problem. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010; 24: 727–49.

286 Zawedde-Muyanja S, Nakanwagi A, Dongo JP, et al. Decentralisation of child

tuberculosis services increases case finding and uptake of preventive therapy in Uganda.

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 22: 1314–21.

287 Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:

1809–15.

288 Dodd PJ, Prendergast AJ, Beecroft C, Kampmann B, Seddon JA. The impact of HIV and

antiretroviral therapy on TB risk in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thorax 2017; 72: 559–75.

289 Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Skold M, Rottenberg ME, Kallenius G. Tuberculosis and HIV

co-infection. PLoS pathogens 2012; 8: e1002464.

290 Fauci AS, Eisinger RW. Reimagining the research approach to tuberculosis. Am J Trop

Med Hyg 2018; 98: 650–52.

291 Flynn JL, Chan J. Tuberculosis: latency and reactivation. Infect Immun 2001;

69: 4195–201.

292 Zak DE, Penn-Nicholson A, Scriba TJ, et al. A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis

disease risk: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2016; 387: 2312–22.

293. Fauci AS. Addressing the tuberculosis epidemic: 21st century research for an ancient

disease. JAMA 2018; 320: 1315–16.

294 NIAID. TB Strategic Plan. 2018. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/sites/

default/files/TBStrategicPlan2018.pdf (accessed Nov 12, 2018).

295 Fauci AS. Addressing the tuberculosis epidemic: 21st century research for an ancient

disease. JAMA 2018; 320: 1315–16.

296 Pai M, Nicol MP, Boehme CC. Tuberculosis diagnostics: state of the art and future

directions. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. DOI:10.1128/ microbiolspec.TBTB2-0019-2016.

297 Frick M. The ascent begins: tuberculosis research funding trends, 2005–2016. 2017.

298 Kik SV, Denkinger CM, Casenghi M, Vadnais C, Pai M. Tuberculosis diagnostics: which

target product profiles should be prioritised? Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 537–40.

299 Sun AY, Pai M, Salje H, Satyanarayana S, Deo S, Dowdy DW. Modeling the impact of

alternative strategies for rapid molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis in Southeast Asia. Am

J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 1740–49.

300 Bastos ML, Hussain H, Weyer K, et al. Treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-

resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis according to drug susceptibility

testing to first- and second-line drugs: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin

Infect Dis 2014; 59: 1364–74.

301 WHO. WHO treatment guidelines for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis: supplement to the

WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2018.

302 Sweeney TE, Braviak L, Tato CM, Khatri P. Genome-wide expression for diagnosis of

pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 213–24.

303 De Groote MA, Sterling DG, Hraha T, et al. Discovery and validation of a six-marker

serum protein signature for the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin

Microbiol 2017; 55: 3057–71.

304 Pankhurst LJ, Del Ojo Elias C, Votintseva AA, et al. Rapid, comprehensive, and

affordable mycobacterial diagnosis with whole-genome sequencing: a prospective study.

Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 49–58.

305 Walker TM, Kohl TA, Omar SV, et al. Whole-genome sequencing for prediction of

Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility and resistance: a retrospective cohort

study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15: 1193–202.

306 Gardiner JL, Karp CL. Transformative tools for tackling tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2015;

212: 1759–69.

307 WHO. Target regimen profiles for TB treatment: candidates: rifampicin-susceptible,

rifampicin-resistant and pan-TB treatment regimens. Geneva: World Health Organization,

2016.

308 Jenkins HE. Global burden of childhood tuberculosis. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8: 24.

309 Lienhardt C, Lonnroth K, Menzies D, et al. Translational research for tuberculosis

elimination: priorities, challenges, and actions. PLoS Med 2016; 13: e1001965.

310 Jindani A, Harrison TS, Nunn AJ, et al. High-dose rifapentine with moxifloxacin for

pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1599–608.

311 Gillespie SH, Crook AM, McHugh TD, et al. Four-month moxifloxacin-based regimens

for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1577–87.

312 Merle CS, Fielding K, Sow OB, et al. A four-month gatifloxacin-containing regimen for

treating tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1588–98.

313 Stop TB Partnership. 2017 Global new TB drug pipeline. 2017.

314 Wallis RS, Cohen T, Menzies NA, Churchyard G. Pan-tuberculosis regimens: an

argument for. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 239–40.

315 Dheda K, Gumbo T, Lange C, Horsburgh CR Jr, Furin J. Pan-tuberculosis regimens: an

argument against. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 240–42.

316 Roy A, Eisenhut M, Harris RJ, et al. Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium

tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014; 349:

g4643.

317 Knight GM, Griffiths UK, Sumner T, et al. Impact and cost-effectiveness of new

tuberculosis vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. PNAS 2014; 111: 15520–25.

318 von Reyn CF, Mtei L, Arbeit RD, et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in Bacille Calmette-

Guerin-primed, HIV-infected adults boosted with an inactivated whole-cell mycobacterial

vaccine. AIDS 2010; 24: 675–85.

319 Vordermeier HM, Villarreal-Ramos B, Cockle PJ, et al. Viral booster vaccines improve

Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect Immun

2009; 77: 3364–73.

320 Verreck FA, Vervenne RA, Kondova I, et al. MVA.85A boosting of BCG and an

attenuated, phoP deficient M. tuberculosis vaccine both show protective efficacy against

tuberculosis in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5264.

321 Bloom BR. New promise for vaccines against tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:

1672–74.

322 Nemes E, Geldenhuys H, Rozot V, et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with

H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 138–49.

323 Van Der Meeren O, Hatherill M, Nduba V, et al. Phase 2b controlled trial of M72/AS01E

vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 1621–34.

324 WHO. GLobal investments in tuberculosis research and development past, present and

future. A policy prepared for the first WHO global ministerial conference on ending

tuberculosis in the sustainable development era: a multisectoral response. Geneva: World

Health Organization.

325 Nguyen TA, Pham MT, Nguyen TL, et al. Video Directly Observed Therapy to support

adherence with treatment for tuberculosis in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. Int J

Infect Dis 2017; 65: 85–89.

326 Liu X, Blaschke T, Thomas B, et al. Usability of a medication event reminder monitor

system (MERM) by providers and patients to improve adherence in the management of

tuberculosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14: pii: E1115.

327 Ha YP, Tesfalul MA, Littman-Quinn R, et al. Evaluation of a mobile health approach to

tuberculosis contact tracing in Botswana. J Health Commun 2016; 21: 1115–21.

328 Dwolatzky B, Trengove E, Struthers H, McIntyre JA, Martinson NA. Linking the global

positioning system (GPS) to a personal digital assistant (PDA) to support tuberculosis

control in South Africa: a pilot study. Int J Health Geogr 2006; 5: 34.

329 Molton JS, Pang Y, Wang Z, et al. Prospective single-arm interventional pilot study to

assess a smartphone-based system for measuring and supporting adherence to medication.

BMJ Open 2016; 6: e014194.

330 Story A, Garfein RS, Hayward A, et al. Monitoring therapy compliance of tuberculosis

patients by using video-enabled electronic devices. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22: 538–40.

331 Initiative for promoting affordable and quality TB tests. 2018. http://www.ipaqt.org

(accessed April 15, 2018).

332 Story A, Garfein RS, Hayward A, et al. Monitoring therapy compliance of tuberculosis

patients by using video-enabled electronic devices. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22: 538–40.

333 Glaziou P, Floyd K, Korenromp EL, et al. Lives saved by tuberculosis control and

prospects for achieving the 2015 global target for reducing tuberculosis mortality. Bull

World Health Organ 2011; 89: 573–82.

334 Hammitt J, & Robinson, L. The income elasticity of the value per statistical life:

transferring estimates between high and low income populations. J Benefit-Cost Analysis

2011; 2: 1–29.

335 Lindhjem H, Navrud S, Braathen NA, Biausque V. Valuing mortality risk reductions

from environmental, transport, and health policies: a global meta-analysis of stated

preference studies. Risk Anal 2011; 31: 1381–407.

336 Mueller-Langer F. Neglected infectious diseases: are push and pull incentive mechanisms

suitable for promoting drug development research? Health Econ Policy Law 2013; 8:

185–208.

337 Terry R, Yamey G, Miyazaki-Krause R, Gunn A, Reeder J. Funding global health

product R&D: the Portfolio-To-Impact Model (P2I), a new tool for modelling the impact

of different research portfolios [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review]; 2018.

338 Young R, Bekele T, Gunn A, et al. Developing new health technologies for neglected

diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model [version 1; referees: awaiting peer

review]; 2018.

339 Frick M. 2016 report on tuberculosis research funding trends, 2005– 2015: no time to

lose: treatment action group, 2016

340 Saez C. WHO still finding its way on financing R&D for diseases affecting poor

countries. 2014. https://www.ip-watch. org/2015/02/02/who-still-finding-its-way-on-

financing-rd-fordiseases- affecting-poor-countries/ (accessed Feb 2, 2015).

341 Viergever RF. The mismatch between the health research and development (R&D) that is

needed and the R&D that is undertaken: an overview of the problem, the causes, and

solutions. Glob Health Action 2013; 6: 22450.

342 Manufacturers IFoP. TB Drug Accelerator Program, 2017.

343 Slingsby BT, Kurokawa K. The Global Health Innovative Technology (GHIT) Fund:

financing medical innovations for neglected populations. Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1:

e184–85.

344 UNITAID. UNITAID ranked as one the leading funders of TB R&D. 2018.

https://unitaid.org/news-blog/unitaid-ranked-as-one-of-theworlds- leaders-in-funding-

tuberculosis-rd/#en (accessed Aug 12, 2018).

345 The economics of optimism. The Economist, (New York, NY), Jan 22, 2015.

346 Robinson LA, Hammitt, J.K., O’Keefe, L. Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global

Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2018.

347 Vassall A. Benefits and costs of the tuberculosis targets for the post-2015 development

agenda. In: Lomborg, B. Prioritizing development: a cost benefit analysis of the United

Nations’ sustainable Development Goals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

348 KPMG. Global economic impact of tuberculosis: KPMG, 2017.

349 Stop TB Partnership. The paradigm shift; 2016–2020—Global Plan to End TB.

350 Jamison DJ, P. Bloom, D. The challenge of diseases. Copenhagen, 2008.

351 Floyd K, Fitzpatrick C, Pantoja A, Raviglione M. Domestic and donor financing for

tuberculosis care and control in low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of

trends, 2002–11, and requirements to meet 2015 targets. Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1:

e105–15.

352 Fuady A, Houweling TAJ, Mansyur M, Richardus JH. Catastrophic total costs in

tuberculosis-affected households and their determinants since Indonesia’s implementation

of universal health coverage. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7: 3.

353 Verguet S, Laxminarayan R, Jamison DT. Universal public finance of tuberculosis

treatment in India: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Econ 2015; 24:

318–32.

354 Wingfield T, Boccia D, Tovar M, et al. Defining catastrophic costs and comparing their

importance for adverse tuberculosis outcome with multi-drug resistance: a prospective

cohort study, Peru. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001675.

355 Menzies NA, Gomez GB, Bozzani F, et al. Cost-effectiveness and resource implications

of aggressive action on tuberculosis in China, India, and South Africa: a combined

analysis of nine models. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4: e816–26.

356 Ochalek J, Revill P, Manthalu G, et al. Supporting the development of a health benefits

package in Malawi. BMJ Global Health 2018; 3: e000607.

357 Atun R, Weil DE, Eang MT, Mwakyusa D. Health-system strengthening and tuberculosis

control. Lancet 2010; 375: 2169–78.

358 Sinanovic E, Ramma L, Vassall A, et al. Impact of reduced hospitalisation on the cost of

treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19:

172–78.

359 Atun R, de Jongh T, Secci F, Ohiri K, Adeyi O. A systematic review of the evidence on

integration of targeted health interventions into health systems. Health Policy Plan 2010;

25: 1–14.

360 Cobelens F, van Kampen S, Ochodo E, Atun R, Lienhardt C. Research on

implementation of interventions in tuberculosis control in low- and middle-income

countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001358.

361 Carter DJ, Glaziou P, Lonnroth K, et al. The impact of social protection and poverty

elimination on global tuberculosis incidence: a statistical modelling analysis of

Sustainable Development Goal 1. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e514–22.

362 Atun R, Silva S, Ncube M, Vassall A. Innovative financing for HIV response in sub-

Saharan Africa. J Glob Health 2016; 6: 010407.

363 Pablos-Mendez A, Raviglione MC. A new world health era. Glob Health Sci Pract 2018;

6: 8–16.

364 IHME. Financing global health 2016: development assistance, public and private health

spending, for the pursuit of Universal Health Coverage. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health

Metrics and Evaluation, 2017.

365 WHO. Development assistance for health to achieve universal health coverage. Geneva:

World Health Organization, 2018.

366 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Credit Report Scoring.

https://stats.oecd.org/Index. aspx?DataSetCode=CRS1

367 Kumaresan J, Smith I, Arnold V, Evans P. The Global TB Drug Facility: innovative

global procurement. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8: 130–38.

368 Arinaminpathy N, Cordier-Lassalle T, Vijay A, Dye C. The Global Drug Facility and its

role in the market for tuberculosis drugs. Lancet 2013; 382: 1373–79.

369 Arinaminpathy N, Cordier-Lassalle T, Lunte K, Dye C. The Global Drug Facility as an

intervention in the market for tuberculosis drugs. Bull World Health Organ 2015; 93:

237–48A.

370 Waning B. Tuberculosis Market-Shaping Strategy: Overview, Updates & Priority Issues

from Stop TB’s Global Drug Facility. 2017; Global Drug Facility, Stop TB Partnership;

2017.

371 Stop TB Partnership. Challenge facility for civil society. 2018.

http://www.stoptb.org/global/awards/cfcs/ (accessed April 25, 2018).

372 Getahun H, Raviglione M. Transforming the global tuberculosis response through

effective engagement of civil society organizations: the role of the World Health

Organization. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89: 616–18.

373 Piot P, Abdool Karim SS, Hecht R, et al. Defeating AIDS—advancing global health.

Lancet 2015; 386: 171–218.

374 Smith J, Mallouris C, Lee K, Alfven T. The role of civil society organizations in

monitoring the global AIDS response. AIDS and behavior 2017; 21 (suppl 1): 44–50.

375 Lover AA, Harvard KE, Lindawson AE, et al. Regional initiatives for malaria

elimination: Building and maintaining partnerships. PLoS Med 2017; 14: e1002401.

376 Mokrousov I. Molecular structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in Russia

and its interaction with neighboring countries. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4 (suppl 1):

56–57.

377 Mokrousov I, Vyazovaya A, Solovieva N, et al. Trends in molecular epidemiology of

drug-resistant tuberculosis in Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. BMC Microbiol

2015; 15: 279.

378 Zanini F, Carugati M, Schiroli C, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family:

analysis of the epidemiological and clinical factors associated with an emerging lineage in

the urban area of Milan. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 25: 14–19.

379 Coscolla M, Barry PM, Oeltmann JE, et al. Genomic epidemiology of multidrug-resistant

Mycobacterium tuberculosis during transcontinental spread. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:

302–10.

380 Yen S, Bower JE, Freeman JT, Basu I, O’Toole RF. Phylogenetic lineages of tuberculosis

isolates in New Zealand and their association with patient demographics. Int J Tuberc

Lung Dis 2013; 17: 892–97.

381 Vasankari T, Soini H, Liippo K, Ruutu P. MDR-TB in Finland—still rare despite the

situation in our neighbouring countries. Clin Respir J 2012; 6: 35–39.

382 Rovina N, Karabela S, Constantoulakis P, et al. MIRU-VNTR typing of drug-resistant

tuberculosis isolates in Greece. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2011; 5: 229–36.

383 Bernard C, Brossier F, Sougakoff W, et al. A surge of MDR and XDR tuberculosis in

France among patients born in the Former Soviet Union. Euro Surveill 2013; 18: 20555.

384 Kubica T, Rusch-Gerdes S, Niemann S. The Beijing genotype is emerging among

multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Germany. Int J Tuberc Lung

Dis 2004; 8: 1107–13.

385 Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Varahram M, et al. The recent-transmission of Mycobacterium

tuberculosis strains among Iranian and Afghan relapse cases: a DNA-fingerprinting using

RFLP and spoligotyping. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8: 109.

386 Stoffels K, Allix-Beguec C, Groenen G, et al. From multidrug- to extensively drug-

resistant tuberculosis: upward trends as seen from a 15-year nationwide study. PloS one

2013; 8: e63128.

387 O’Neil J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations.

In: Resistance RoA, ed. London, 2016.

388 Pai M, Palamountain KM. New tuberculosis technologies: challenges for retooling and

scale-up. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16: 1281–90.

389 Smith J, Buse K, Gordon C. Civil society: the catalyst for ensuring health in the age of

sustainable development. Global Health 2016; 12: 40.

390 Jacovella D, Evans TG, Claeson M, Kagia R, Pablos-Mendez A. Global Financing

Facility: where will the funds come from? Lancet 2016; 387: 121–12.

391 Collins C. Getting serious about financing the end of epidemics. 2017.

392 Yamey G, Batson A, Kilmarx PH, Yotebieng M. Funding innovation in neglected

diseases. BMJ 2018; 360: k1182.

393 USAID. Accelerating Action on Tuberculosis Towards Achieving 40×22. 2018.

https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/

documents/1864/USAID_Global_Accelerator_Final_508.pdf.

394 Gwatkin DR, Ergo A. Universal health coverage: friend or foe of health equity? Lancet

2011; 377: 2160–61.

395 Jamison DT, Alwan A, Mock CN, et al. Universal health coverage and intersectoral

action for health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 2018;

391: 1108–20.

396 Stenberg K, Hanssen O, Edejer TT, et al. Financing transformative health systems

towards achievement of the health Sustainable Development Goals: a model for projected

resource needs in 67 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health

2017; 5: e875–87.

397 Participants at the Bellagio Workshop on Implementing Pro-Poor Universal Health C,

Bump J, Cashin C, et al. Implementing pro-poor universal health coverage. Lancet Glob

Health 2016; 4: e14–16.

398 WHO. Implementing the end TB strategy: the essentials. Geneva: World Health

Organization, 2016.

399 Sismanidis C, Shete PB, Lienhardt C, Floyd K, Raviglione M. Harnessing the power of

data to guide local action and end tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2017; 216 (suppl 7): S669–72.

400 Reich MR, Harris J, Ikegami N, et al. Moving towards universal health coverage: lessons

from 11 country studies. Lancet 2016; 387: 811–16.

401 Devereux S, Sabates-Wheeler R. Transformative social protection. Working paper

number 232. Institute for Development Studies. Brighton: University of Sussex; 2004.

402 Lonnroth K, Castro KG, Chakaya JM, et al. Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010–

50: cure, care, and social development. Lancet 2010; 375: 1814–29.

403 Raviglione M, Zumla A, Marais B, Horton R, Motsoaledi A. A sustainable agenda for

tuberculosis control and research. Lancet 2012; 379: 1077–78.

404 Lonnroth K, Raviglione M. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: prospects for control.

Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 29: 481–91.

405 WHO. Closing the gapin a generation: health equity through action on the social

determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.

406 Carter DJ, Glaziou P, Lonnroth K, et al. The impact of social protection and poverty

elimination on global tuberculosis incidence: a statistical modelling analysis of

Sustainable Development Goal 1. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e514–22.

407 Burki TK. The global cost of tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 13.

408 Comprehensive tuberculosis elimination plan act. Department of Health, Republic of the

Philippines; July 27, 2015.

409 Ley de Prevenci.n y Control de la Tuberculosis en el Per. El Peruano, 2015.

410 Oxlade O, Murray M. Tuberculosis and poverty: why are the poor at

greater risk in India? PLoS One 2012; 7: e47533.

411 Bates MN, Khalakdina A, Pai M, Chang L, Lessa F, Smith KR. Risk of tuberculosis from

exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med

2007; 167: 335–42.

412 Lai TC, Chiang CY, Wu CF, et al. Ambient air pollution and risk of tuberculosis: a

cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73: 56–61.

413 Bloom BR, Atun R, Cohen T, et al. Tuberculosis. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR,

Jha P, eds. Major Infectious Diseases. Washington, DC: The International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2017.

414 Beaglehole R, Bonita R. Global public health: a scorecard. Lancet 2008; 372: 1988–96.

415 DeLuca A, Lessem E, Wegener D, Mingote LR, Frick M, Von Delft D. The evolving role

of advocacy in tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 258–59.

416 Macq J, Torfoss T, Getahun H. Patient empowerment in tuberculosis control: reflecting

on past documented experiences. Trop Med Int Health 2007; 12: 873–85.

417 Frick M, Henry I, Lessem E. Falling short of the rights to health and scientific progress:

inadequate TB drug research and access. Health Hum Rights 2016; 18: 9–24.

418 London L, Cox H, Coomans F. Multidrug-resistant TB: implementing the right to health

through the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress. Health Hum Rights 2016;

18: 25–41.

419 Craig GM, Daftary A, Engel N, O’Driscoll S, Ioannaki A. Tuberculosis stigma as a social

determinant of health: a systematic mapping review of research in low incidence

countries. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 56: 90–100.

420 Macintyre K, Bakker MI, Bergson S, et al. Defining the research agenda to measure and

reduce tuberculosis stigmas. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21: 87–96.

421 Croft RP, Croft RA. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding leprosy and tuberculosis

in Bangladesh. Leprosy Rev 1999; 70: 34–42.

422 Wu PS, Chou P, Chang NT, Sun WJ, Kuo HS. Assessment of changes in knowledge and

stigmatization following tuberculosis training workshops in Taiwan. J Formos Med

Assoc 2009; 108: 377–85.

423 Sommerland N, Wouters E, Mitchell EMH, et al. Evidence-based interventions to reduce

tuberculosis stigma: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21: 81–86.

424 McGinty E, Pescosolido B, Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL. Communication strategies

to counter stigma and improve mental illness and substance use disorder policy. Psychiatr

Serv 2017; 69: 136–46.

425 Wingfield T, Boccia D, Tovar MA, et al. Designing and implementing a socioeconomic

intervention to enhance TB control: operational evidence from the CRESIPT project in

Peru. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 810.

426 Torrens AW, Rasella D, Boccia D, et al. Effectiveness of a conditional cash transfer

programme on TB cure rate: a retrospective cohort study in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop

Med Hyg 2016; 110: 199–206.

427 Sermrittirong S, Van Brakel WH, Bunbers-Aelen JF. How to reduce stigma in leprosy—a

systematic literature review. Leprosy Rev 2014; 85: 149–57.

428 Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu G, Desmond N, Corbett EL. TB and HIV

stigma compounded by threatened masculinity: implications for TB health-care seeking

in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 21: 26–33.

429 Ghebreyesus TA. All roads lead to universal health coverage.

Lancet Glob Health 2017; 5: e839–40.

430 Horton R. Offline: UHC-one promise and two misunderstandings. Lancet 2018; 391:

1342.

431 Stop TB Partnership. Key targets and commitments. 2018.

http://www.stoptb.org/global/advocacy/unhlm_targets.asp (accessed Dec 12, 2018).

432 WHO. The Abuja declaration: ten years on. 2018. https://www.who.

int/healthsystems/publications/abuja_declaration/en/ (accessed Jan 31, 2019).

433 Interanational Labour Organization. WorLd social protection report. 2017.

https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/RessourcePDF.

action?ressource.ressourceId=54887 (accessed Jan 31, 2019).

Алмаз Шарман, Президент Академии профилактической медицины
Казахстан, 050008, г. Алматы, ул. Клочкова 66, офис 601
+7 (727) 317-8855
academypm@outlook.com